聯：一個字說盡世故人情

黃偉嘉 譚云飛

On the Character： 聯

A character thats been fostering connections since ancient times

Festivals can be a headache for many Chinese. Peak seasons for celebrations and ceremonies， holidays also often mean （as per tradition） giving out money to relatives and friends. Even for long-lost schoolmates one hasnt contacted， or 聯系?（liánxì） in Chinese， for years， gifts have to be handed over at， say， a wedding. After all， humans are social animals， and such 聯結?（liánjié， connections） have bound people together in China for millennia.

The Chinese character 聯?（lián） first appeared in oracle bone script over 3，000 years ago. Comprised of an 耳?（ěr， ear） radical on the left and a 糸?（sī， silk） on the right， the character symbolized tying something through a persons ear， which scholars believe conveyed the meaning of “linking” or “joining.” Its current form emerged during the Qing dynasty （1616 – 1911）， with the right part simplified as 關?（guān） in some texts， though its meaning has remained basically unchanged throughout history.

InUnofficial Gleanings of the Wanli Era（《萬歷野獲編》）， a Ming dynasty （1368 – 1644） encyclopedia， scholar Shen Defu （沈德符） described people from Beijing going to the citys suburbs to “travel hand in hand， and have drinks on the ground （聯袂嬉游，席地布飲?liánmèi xīyóu， xídì bùyǐn）.”

Today， the phrase 聯袂?（liánmèi， literally “join sleeves”） is mainly used in literary texts， while 聯手?（liánshǒu， join hands） is more commonly used to express the idea of “going hand in hand，” as seen in expressions like 強強聯手?（qiángqiáng liánshǒu）， meaning mutually beneficial cooperation.

The characters meaning has since evolved to encompass various connections—close and far， physical and emotional. For instance， 聯姻?（liányīn） signifies a connection through marriage， while 聯盟?（liánméng） denotes an alliance. Just as 聯姻?has been a means for rich and powerful families to enhance their wealth and status， businesses have shown a keen interest in 聯名?（liánmíng）， or co-branding， over the past few decades. This September， a collaborative product called “Fragrant Sauce Latte （醬香拿鐵?jiàngxiāng nátiě），” launched by Kweichow Moutai， one of Chinas best-knownbaijiuliquor producers， and coffee chain Luckin Coffee， sold over 5.4 million cups nationwide， generating revenue of 100 million yuan within one day.

聯絡 （liánluò） is to “contact” via phone or other means， and 聯絡感情?（liánluò gǎnqíng） is to get in touch with the sole intention of building relationships. Many organizations have their own liaison department （聯絡部 liánluòbù）， liaison office （聯絡處?liánluòchù）， or liaison person （聯絡員?liánluòyuán）. When an individual cannot be contacted， they are described as 失聯?（shīlián）.

Nowadays， the internet （互聯網?hùliánwǎng） and other technologies have transformed the world into a “global village.” A message sent from Shanghai can be received within seconds by people in New York. With the help of social media， even public figures and celebrities are no longer distant—for better or worse. Popstars， journalists， and world leaders are all on Weibo or X， formerly known as Twitter， though their opinions and rants may not have made it easier for the United Nations （聯合國?Liánhéguó） to achieve world peace.

Just as geopolitical alliances require partnerships to advance， Chinese rhyming couplets， or 對聯?（duìlián）， are only complete in pairs. People often paste these rhymes on either side of their door during the Lunar New Year or other traditional occasions， with the messages commonly inviting good luck and prosperity for the family.

Another Lunar New Year tradition in China is to gather together， or 聯歡?（liánhuān）， with family and friends to celebrate. CCTVs Spring Festival Gala， which it has broadcast every Lunar New Years Eve since 1983， even includes this term for “get-together” in its full name： 春節聯歡晚會?（Chūnjié Liánhuān Wǎnhuì）.

The Lunar New Year is a time of eating， celebrating， and， yes， money-giving. How else would people maintain their 社會關系?（shèhuì guānxi， social ties）？