裝配式建筑
——復(fù)雜城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的共識對象和聯(lián)盟型城市主義

阿里爾·哈科維奇

15 年來，阿里爾·哈科維奇建筑事務(wù)所一直致力于裝配式建筑，這是一種與組織合作開展建筑項目的研究實踐。裝配式建筑描述了一種全新的建筑制作方式，通過體系化的裝配改善居住環(huán)境。“裝配”這一概念是一種手段，它將建筑設(shè)計—生產(chǎn)實驗室與支撐和驅(qū)動這些設(shè)計的情景聯(lián)系起來。這一過程所產(chǎn)生的不僅僅是設(shè)計提案，即構(gòu)建或可視化潛在的轉(zhuǎn)變，更是對替代生活方式和空間的預(yù)設(shè)。開發(fā)這種建筑的主要工具是我們所稱的“項目裝配”。作為一個混合論壇，該裝置將這一項目材料轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)中的不同參與者聯(lián)系在一起。項目裝配有不同的類型，其動態(tài)和目標(biāo)會隨著時間的推移而變化，所涉及的參與者也會改變。設(shè)計裝配將生產(chǎn)出來的物件引入另一個領(lǐng)域，有時是更具娛樂性的地方，有時是材料實驗的地方。

通過裝配，建筑可以作為一系列“共識對象”運作，它在復(fù)雜場景中表達(dá)利益和分歧。一旦達(dá)成一定程度的共識，建筑的其他任務(wù)，也就是關(guān)于設(shè)計的部分，將在建筑的傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境中執(zhí)行。在解決技術(shù)問題和建筑表現(xiàn)問題時，不能忽視社會政治群體的表現(xiàn)——也就是所有的人類和非人類成員參與者。所產(chǎn)生的建筑作品必須用于維系建筑所處的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，同時激活該網(wǎng)絡(luò)中人類和非人類成員的參與。

這些建筑也是城市化的載體，因為當(dāng)它們置身于這些環(huán)境中時，能夠引導(dǎo)爭議走向一個轉(zhuǎn)變的過程：一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的城市或“聯(lián)盟型城市主義”。

在實施這些項目的過程中出現(xiàn)了以下問題：在復(fù)雜的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，即在公共政策和再城市化進程無法觸及的地方，如何實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)型？建筑如何才能既是公共的又是自我管理的？如何讓人們參與到最具體的建筑項目中來？如何將國家或政府計劃納入一個聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)絡(luò)，將其視為另一位參與者，并且沒有比其他任何人更多的權(quán)重？

1 委內(nèi)瑞拉皮諾山谷和平空間廣場建造前 The site before construction of Espacio de Paz,Valle del Pino,Venezuela

6 阿根廷布宜諾斯艾利斯省圣馬丁比亞里茨集體住宅項目設(shè)計，2016-2019年 Drawing of Biarritz housing collective,San Martín,Buenos Aires province,Argentina,2016-2019

7 在設(shè)計過程中與比亞里茨集體住房未來居民的合作 Collaboration with the future residents of the Biarritz housing collective in the design process

8 比亞里茨集體住宅樓 The Biarritz housing collective building

For over fifteen years,Ariel Jacubovich Oficina de Arquitectura,has been engaged in assembly architecture,a research practice to carry out architecture projects in conjunction with organisations.

Assembly architecture describes a new way of producing architecture that transforms inhabitable environments through networked assemblages.The figure of the "assembly" is a means to open up architecture's design-production laboratory to the scenarios that sustain and drive those designs.

What emerges from this process is not solely a design proposal in the sense of the construction or visualisation of a possible transformation,but also a prefiguration of alternative forms of life and spaces.

Our main tool to develop this architecture is what we call "Project Assembly".As a hybrid forum,this device relates heterogenous actors in the system of material transformation that is the project.There are different types of project assemblies,and their dynamics and objectives change over time,as do the actors involved.Design assemblies take the objects produced to another field,sometimes to a more playful place or a place of material experimentation.

Thanks to assemblies,architecture can operate as a series of "objects of consensus" that articulates interests and divergencies in a complex context.Once a degree of consensus has been reached,other tasks inherent to the design are performed in the conventional settings of architecture.Work on technical issues and questions of architectonic representation must not lose sight of the socio-political representation of the community -that is,the entire set of actors -that participates.What is produced must serve to hold together the network in which the architecture is immersed as well as to activate participation in that network on the part of its human and non-human members.

At stake are architectures that act also as vectors of urbanisation insofar as they are capable,when inserted in those contexts,of channelling disputes toward a process of transformation: a networked urbanisation or an "urbanism of associations."

The following questions arose over the course of these projects: How can transformation take place in complex ecologies,that is,in places beyond the reach of public policies and processes of reurbanisation? How can an architecture be at once public and self-managed? How can participation be generated in even the most architecture-specific instances of a project? How can the state or governmental programs be brought into a network of associations as just another player,with no more weight than any of the others?