限定性定語從句是高中階段要掌握的重要知識點之一。它常由that,which,who,whom,where,when等關系詞引導。筆者將對在限定性定語從句中省略that的情況進行剖析,以期對同學們有所幫助。
一、在限定性定語從句中,當關系代詞that充當主語,且主句是it is/was,that is/was,there/here be等結構時,that通??梢允÷?。但是,若主句是其他結構,則that不可省略。如:
①That is the only person(that)knows the truth.那就是唯一知道真相的人。(關系代詞that可省略)
②There is a bridge in the town(that)needs repair-ing. 鎮上有一座橋需要維修。(關系代詞that可省略)
③It isn’t everybody(that)can be an successful en-trepreneur.并不是每個人都能成為一個成功的企業家。(關系代詞that可省略)
④She doesn’t like the people that try to play up toher. 她不喜歡那些試圖討好她的人。(關系代詞that不可省略)
二、在限定性定語從句中,當關系代詞that用作動詞賓語時,that常??梢允÷?。如:
①You can bring the red wine(that)you bought.你可以帶上你買的那瓶紅酒。(that在定語從句中作動詞bought的賓語,可省略)
② By the way,I have found the book (that) youlost.順便提一下,我找到了你丟失的那本書。(that在定語從句中作動詞lost的賓語,可省略)
③Do you have anything (that) you need? 你所需要的東西都有了嗎?(that在定語從句中作動詞need的賓語,可省略)
④She has almost forgotten everything(that)shelearnt at school.她幾乎把在學校里學到的一切都忘記了。(that在定語從句中作動詞learnt的賓語,可省略)
三、在限定性定語從句中,當關系代詞that用作介詞的賓語且介詞置于從句的句末時,that也可以省略。如:
①Have you watched the movie(that)they werespeaking about? 你看過他們說的電影嗎?(that在從句中作句末介詞about的賓語,可省略)
②Who is the girl (that)you just talked to ? 剛才和你談話的那個女孩是誰?(that在從句中作句末介詞to的賓語,可省略)
需要注意的是,若把介詞提到作賓語的關系代詞的前面,則不用that,而用which(代物)或whom(代人),此時關系代詞不可省略。如:
③Who was the girl to whom you just talked ? 剛才和你談話的那個女孩是誰?(關系代詞whom不可省略)
④ Have you watched the movie about which they were speaking? 你看過他們說的電影嗎?(關系代詞which不可省略)
四、在限定性定語從句中,當關系代詞that用作賓語補足語時,that也可以省略。如:
① The girl is the most hardworking student (that)the teachers consider her in their school.這個女孩就是老師們認為學校中最刻苦的學生。(關系代詞that在定語從句中充當賓語補足語可省略)
② He is the genius (that) everyone thought him. 他是大家所認為的那個天才。(關系代詞that在定語從句中充當賓語補足語,可省略)
③You are not the workholic (that)I knew you.你不是我以前所認識的那個工作狂了。(關系代詞that在定語從句中充當賓語補足語,可省略)
五、在限定性定語從句中,當先行詞為the way,關系代詞that用作狀語時,that??梢允÷?。如:
①She doesn’t like the way (that) you treated yoursister.她不喜歡你對待妹妹的方式。(先行詞為 theway,關系代詞that可省略)
② I will do it in the way (that) my mother told me.我會按照媽媽告訴我的方式去做。(先行詞為the way,關系代詞that可省略)
③This is the way(that)he has made great success.這就是他取得很大成功的方式。(先行詞為the way,關系代詞that可省略)
總之,在學習定語從句時,同學們要留意that的省略與保留情況,以避免出錯。
(作者單位:江蘇省鹽城市實驗高級中學)