楊海波 趙旗峰 孟利峰 周鵬程 陳永珍 李慶亮 梁燕 聶磊云 張曉萍 李繼萍 王占勤 趙龍龍



DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230260
摘? ? 要:晉酸1號是從山西臨縣野生酸棗種質資源群體中選育出來的優良品種。果實近圓形,果頂平,果皮薄,紅色,果個大;平均單果質量4.75 g,最大單果質量5.8 g,平均橫徑1.9 cm、縱徑2.2 cm;果肉多汁,風味酸甜,可食率84.7%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為27.6%,還原糖含量為8.5%,總糖含量為27.04%,維生素C含量為419 mg·100 g-1,可滴定酸含量為1.032%;果仁飽滿,含仁率100%,平均單仁質量0.1 g;營養生長期170~180 d,果實生育期115 d左右,為晚熟品種。山西呂梁地區,6月上旬為盛花期,9月中下旬果實進入脆熟期,10月中上旬為果實完熟期。晉酸1號適宜于鮮食、加工、取仁,也可用于開發特色飲品。適合在山西省中南部酸棗適生區及國內同類氣候地區栽培。
關鍵詞:酸棗;新品種;晉酸1號;酸棗仁
中圖分類號:S665.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)02-0362-07
Breeding report of a new wild jujube cultivar Jinsuan No.1 (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)
YANG Haibo1, ZHAO Qifeng1, MENG Lifeng1, ZHOU Pengcheng1, CHEN Yongzhen2, LI Qingliang1, 3, LIANG Yan4, NIE Leiyun1, ZHANG Xiaoping1, LI Jiping5, WANG Zhanqin6, ZHAO Longlong1*
(1Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030815, Shanxi, China; 2Linxian Qikouhong Agricultural Technology Company, Linxian 033200, Shanxi, China; 3College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, Shandong, China; 4Forestry and Grassland Engineering Station of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; 5 Forestry Bureau of Xiaoyi City, Xiaoyi 032300, Shanxi, China; 6 Shanxi Province Nature Reserve Service Center, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China)
Abstract: Jinsuan No. 1 is an excellent cultival selected from high-quality wild jujube germplasm resources in Linxian county, Shanxi province. In 2006, the first investigation and screening of wild jujube cultivars were carried out in Linxian county, the dominant producing area of wild jujube. In 2007, 37 kinds of wild jujube cultivars with good performance were obtained from the selected wild jujube cultivar. In 2010, through the comparative investigation on grafting experiments, it was found that among the selected wild jujubes, No.3, No.8, No.9, No.21 and No.35 showed better comprehensive traits. Subsequently, a three-year comparative trial was carried out, and finally the No.3 wild jujube with the most excellent comprehensive traits was selected. In 2017, a large-scale grafting cultivation experiments were carried out in Linjiaping and Qikou of Linxian county, Yonghe county of Linfen and Taigu county of Jinzhong. Field identification was performed in September 2022 and the cultivar was received approval from the Forest Variety Approval Committee of Shanxi Provincial Forestry and Grassland Bureau in December, named Jinsuan No. 1 (Benefit number: Jin S-SV-ZJ-017-2022). Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube tree shape is open and the tree vigor is moderate. Leaves are ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-6.8 cm long and 2.0-3.5 cm wide with leaf base slanting 1.1-2.9 mm; the petiole is 3-6 mm long; jujube hanging is 13-25 cm long. Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube fruit is nearly round, the top of the fruit is flat, the pericarp is thin and red, and the fruit is large. The average single fruit weight is 4.75 g, the maximum single fruit weight is 5.8 g, the average transverse diameter is 1.9 cm, and the average longitudinal diameter is 2.2 cm; the flesh is thick, juicy, dense and crisp, sweet and sour, and the edible rate is 84.7% without residue. The soluble solids content is 27.6%, reducing sugar (glucose) content is 8.5%, total sugar content is 27.04%, VC content is 419 mg·100 g-1, and titratable acid is 1.032%. The kernel is full, with a kernel rate of 100%, and the average single kernel weight is 0.1 g. The vegetative growth period is 170-180 days, and the fruit growth period is about 115 days. Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube belongs to late-maturing cultivar, 20 days later than other common jujube cultivars in Linxian county. With Jinsuan No. 1 wild jujube, the bud break is seen around April 20, the early flowering period is in late May, the full flowering period is in early June, the fruit enters the crisp ripening period in mid-to-late September, the fruit maturity is in mid-to-early October, and the defoliation period is in late October in the mountains along the Yellow River in Linxian county, Lüliang City. The fruit cracking rate of Jinsan No. 1 is lower than 1.0%. Jinsuan No. 1 jujube cultivar is suitable for both fresh consumption and drying, and can also be used to process special drink and snacks. Jinsuan No. 1 is suitable for cultivation in the suitable growing areas of jujube in the south-central Shanxi province and somewhere with similar climates in China.
Key words: Wild jujube; New cultivar; Jinsuan No. 1; Common jujube seed
酸棗(Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)為鼠李科(Rhamanaceae)棗屬(Zizyphus)植物[1],原產中國,又稱“棘”?!渡褶r本草經》中記載,酸棗可“安五臟,輕身延年”,酸棗仁、葉、花均具有不同的營養或藥用價值[2-3]。酸棗富含多種維生素,尤其是抗壞血酸(維生素C)含量明顯高于棗[4],在醫學上被用來降血壓和清潔血液,常用作神經鎮靜劑、胃補品、止咳藥和抗哮喘藥,也被用作一般補品[5-6]。隨著社會的發展、生活節奏的加快、人們健康意識的增強,醫療、保健、飲食等對酸棗的需求也逐漸增加。過去對酸棗的研究主要集中在酸棗雜交技術[7-8]、遺傳多樣性[9-10]、無性繁殖技術[11-12]以及酸棗抗性評價[13-14]等方面,而酸棗品種選育工作相對薄弱。
目前已報道的酸棗品種,按照棗果的形態分為球形酸棗、卵圓形酸棗、橢圓形酸棗、扁圓形酸棗等類型[15],根據用途可分為藥用酸棗、鮮食酸棗以及兼用酸棗[1]。按照果實口感可以分為甜酸棗,常用于制作果脯、飲料等;酸甜酸棗,果實口感酸甜適中,常用于鮮食;酸酸棗:果味酸澀,常用于烹飪、制作果醬等[16]。山西是中國酸棗主要產區之一,已有2000多年種植歷史,被譽為“酸棗之鄉”。目前,山西省酸棗種植面積和產量均居全國前列,種植區主要分布在太原、運城、臨汾、忻州、呂梁等地[17]。隨著人們對酸棗保健和藥用功效的深入認識以及市場對酸棗需求量的增加,酸棗供需一度呈緊俏狀態。山西省在酸棗的供給方面,因缺少適宜的酸棗栽培品種,以采收野生酸棗為主,其品種雜亂,造成酸棗品次、質量優劣不一;另因酸棗多生長在坡地、山崖、田埂、荒地,棗農在采收酸棗過程中,多以砍、剪等方式獲取,影響到當地的生態、景觀,也不利于酸棗產業健康和可持續發展。因此,開展適宜的酸棗品種選育對解決當前酸棗供需和穩定酸棗品質等具有重要意義。
1 選育過程
2006年,山西農業大學(山西省農科院)果樹研究所,對酸棗主產區的地方品種資源進行了系統調查,在野生酸棗群體中以豐產性強、果個大、果肉口感好、棗仁飽滿、抗病、抗裂等為目標進行酸棗優良單株的篩選。2007年初在臨縣野生酸棗群體中篩選出37株綜合表現良好的單株,嫁接在臨縣林家坪鎮薛家圪臺棗園里進行比較試驗,經3 a(年)的觀察和研究,發現其中3號、8號、9號、21號、35號綜合性狀較好;隨后進行了3 a的對比研究,決選出綜合性狀最為優異的3號單株。3號單株主要表現為長勢旺盛,果個大,肉質厚,口感酸甜,酸棗仁肥大飽滿,10月中上旬完熟,裂果率低。即以其作為母株采集接穗,分別在臨縣林家坪、磧口等地棗園進行高接試驗。
2015年以嫁接植株作為采穗母株,擴大嫁接面積。高接酸棗樹嫁接當年即可掛果,3 a后可形成產量,5 a后進入盛果期,豐產性狀穩定。2017年在臨縣林家坪、磧口大面積嫁接發展的同時,也在臨汾永和縣、晉中太谷縣進行區域栽培試驗,均表現良好。綜上,經過5 a的區域栽培試驗、該酸棗品種表現良好,性狀穩定,無變異現象。2022年9月該品系通過田間鑒定,12月通過山西省林業和草原局林木品種審定委員會審定,定名為晉酸1號(良種編號:晉S-SV-ZJ-017-2022)。
根據中華人民共和國林業行業標準LY/T 2426—2015《棗品種鑒定技術規程 SSR分子標記法》發布的核心引物24對,對晉酸1號和山西臨縣野生酸棗進行分子鑒定,結果顯示,24對引物中,有17對引物可將野生酸棗與晉酸1號區分(表1),通過引物BFU1205測序后的區分結果見圖1。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
晉酸1號樹姿開張,樹勢中庸。葉片卵狀披針形,長2.5~6.8 cm,寬2.0~3.5 cm,葉基偏斜1.1~2.9 mm;葉柄長3~6 mm;棗吊長13~25 cm(圖2、圖3)。
2.2 果實經濟性狀和營養成分含量
晉酸1號果實近圓形、果頂平,果皮薄,紅色,果個大(圖4)。平均單果質量4.75 g,最大單果質量5.8 g,平均橫徑1.9 cm,平均縱徑2.2 cm;果肉厚、汁液多、致密細脆、無渣、風味酸甜、可食率84.7%、可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為27.6%、還原糖(以葡萄糖計)含量為8.5%、總糖含量為27.04%、維生素C含量為419 mg·100 g-1,可滴定酸含量為1.032%;果仁飽滿、含仁率100%、平均單仁質量0.1 g。該品種與對照品種(臨縣野生酸棗)的果實主要經濟性狀和營養成分含量的對比見表2和表3。
2.3 物候期
晉酸1號在呂梁臨縣沿黃丘陵山地4月20日左右開始萌芽,5月下旬進入初花期,6月上旬進入盛花期,9月中下旬果實進入脆熟期,10月中上旬果實進入完熟期,10月下旬落葉期。營養生長170~180 d,果實生育期115 d左右,屬晚熟品種。比當地常見野生酸棗品種晚熟20 d以上。該品種與對照品種(當地常見野生酸棗)的主要物候期見表4。
2.4 果實抗裂性能
2017—2021年調查了晉酸1號和臨縣丘陵山地酸棗棗果的抗裂表現。在酸棗棗果成熟期遇到連陰雨天氣,晉酸1號由于具有成熟期極晚的特性,避開當地雨季,未出現裂果,經過連續5 a調查,晉酸1號酸棗棗果裂果率均低于1.0%。
2.5 主要用途
晉酸1號具有果個大、皮薄、肉多、商品性好等特點,可作為鮮食品種或用于制作高檔果汁、果酒、果醬的重要原料。其果仁飽滿、果實含仁率高,也可作為優異的仁用酸棗品種。除上述用途外也可將晉酸1號制干后作為休閑食品或零食。
2.6 適應性
晉酸1號適栽于山西1200 m以下海拔區域及山西省中南部(太原以南)酸棗適生區,該品種表現出早果豐產,綜合品質優良,抗逆性、適應性強,性狀穩定等特點,也適宜國內同類氣候地區栽培。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 選地建園
晉酸1號建園時要選擇交通便利、通風向陽的山坡、丘陵、平原等地,地塊土壤濕度不能過大,黏性不能過重,具備良好的排水條件。
3.2 栽植密度
該品種適宜高密度栽培,建議株行距為1.0 m×2.0 m,每666.7 m2栽植333株??梢罁數赝寥兰巴恋丨h境條件、樹形及栽培模式等決定適宜的密度。
3.3 土肥水條件要求
該品種適應性和抗逆性較強,對土肥水條件要求不嚴格。秋季落葉后,結合擴穴、施肥,深翻一次土壤,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤通透性。
3.4 樹形和整形修剪技術
嫁接幼樹期,采取夏季摘心、除蘗、抹芽,促進嫁接新梢生長,延長二次枝長度,為以后連年豐產穩產奠定基礎;休眠期進行整形修剪,擴大樹冠,培養樹形。
盛果期,繼續擴大樹冠,培養樹形,疏除過密枝、交叉重疊枝、機械損傷枝、下垂細弱枝等,及時抹除無用萌芽,創造通風透光的良好條件。
3.5 高接換優技術
選擇樹體生長旺盛、樹齡15 a以下棗樹進行改接。棗樹發芽后1個月內嫁接,北方地區一般在5月初開始至6月初結束,可采用劈接或皮下嫁接法。改接后用愈合劑涂抹傷口促進愈合,對有甲口蟲等害蟲侵染的果園,需涂抹殺蟲劑預防害蟲危害愈傷組織;及時除蘗、抹芽,新梢長至30 cm左右時,綁縛支架,預防風折。
3.6 花果管理技術
采用摘心、拉枝、花期噴布1次赤霉素等措施促進坐果。
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收稿日期:2023-08-02 接受日期:2023-11-27
基金項目:國家自然科學基金項目(31301674);山西省現代農業產業技術體系建設專項(2023CYJSTX07-18);山西臨猗縣農業農村局冬棗主要病蟲害生態調控技術研究與示范(2022LYTSSG)
作者簡介:楊海波,男,副研究員,碩士,主要從事酸棗資源收集利用及生態學研究。Tel:0354-6215019,E-mail:15234244215@139.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:xiaoxiaolong007@outlook.com