豐富句式結構，刻畫人物心理

牟子龍

續寫中的情緒描寫可分為“直白式”與“婉描式”，這兩種手法都對詞匯的積累提出了較高的要求，貼合續寫評分標準中的“詞匯豐富”這一要求。但寫作不是簡單的詞匯堆積，更需要使用多樣化的句式進行表達。

一、情緒表達的常用句型

1. 主語+be/ feel/ become/ remain等 （即系動詞）+形容詞/短語：系表結構是描寫情感的最基礎句型，常通過增加程度副詞以刻畫情感的強弱。

［例1］ He remained in a bad mood for days （連著幾天很陰郁）.

［例2］ I felt a little bit nervous （感到有些緊張） when the teacher looked at me.

［例3］ He became panicked （變得驚慌） when some frightening noise came from nowhere.

［例4］ Although he was reluctant （不情愿）， he still went cleaning up the kitchen as required.

其中，諸如［例4］這類含有轉折意味的語句，還可以經由as/ though 引起倒裝，例如：

［例5］ Reluctant as I was （盡管我很不情愿）， I still went cleaning up the kitchen as required.

［例6］ Panicked as Tom was （盡管Tom很害怕）， he still opened the door and asked in a trembling voice， “Whos there？”

2. 形容詞或形容詞短語作狀語：該結構可用于表示原因、結果、伴隨等狀態，在使用上常以adj.+and/ but+adj.+主句的形式出現，可置于句首或句尾。

［例1］ Confident and determined （既有自信又很堅定）， John kept accelerating his speed， not caring the wounds on his legs. ［原因］

［例2］ Slightly panicked but overwhelmingly curious （雖有點驚慌很卻也極度好奇）， Jack cautiously edged into the dark cave， attempting to find out what awaited him ahead. ［伴隨/原因］

［例3］ After what seemed like a century， I made it to the mountaintop， exhausted but thrilled at the stunning beauty spreading out before me （很疲累但卻震撼于眼前的壯麗風景）. ［結果］

［例4］ In the deathly hush， Tarip knelt down and buried his face in hands， frustrated and irritated （既懊惱又憤怒）. ［伴隨］

［例5］ Full of disappointment （失望極了）， Jacky decided to leave his hometown and never to return. ［原因］

［例6］ Anxious/ Desperate/ Eager to know what had happened （急切地想要知道發生了什么）， Jane flung the door open and rushed inside. ［原因］

3. A sense/ surge / bust of+情緒詞+動詞+sb.構成的無靈主語句：以情緒詞為主語（非人稱主語），將情感可以隱喻成一種力或是液體，搭配固定的動詞，這類動詞常見的有consume （吞噬）， deprive （剝奪）， grip （抓牢）， overcome （戰勝）， seize （抓住）， torment/ torture （折磨）， explode/ erupt （迸發）， engulf （包圍/吞沒）， flood over/ sweep over/ wash over （涌上心頭）， overwhelm （淹沒）等。

［例1］ An overwhelming sense/ wave of fright swept over （一陣壓倒一切的恐懼感席卷而來） Jeremy and deprived him of the power of thinking （使他喪失了思考能力）.

［例2］ A mixed feeling of sorrow and despair kept tormenting Julia and disturbing her life （悲傷和絕望交織在一起，折磨著Julia，擾亂著她的生活）.

［例3］ The conflict became the last straw and Tommys pent-up anger eventually exploded （湯米壓抑的怒火最終爆發了）．

［例4］ As I was informed of the good news， happiness and excitement got the better of me （快樂和興奮充盈了我）.

［例5］ When the ferocious wolf revealed its sharp teeth， I was gripped/ seized by a wave of terror （我被恐怖所籠罩）， palms sweating and heart thudding violently.

4. 主語+系動詞+so+形容詞+that的句型及其變體，將so+形容詞置于句首引起的半倒裝句—so+形容詞+be+主語+that。

［例1］ I felt so angry （如此生氣） that I decided not to talk with her for at least three days.

［例2］ So thrilled was I （我是如此激動） that I jumped up and down．

［例3］ So irritated was Paul （Paul是如此憤怒） that he smashed the door open and strode away without looking back．

［例4］ So nervous was Jason （Jason 是如此緊張） that his voice trembled.

5. 非謂語動詞在讀寫中的出現頻率非常高，結合到情緒描寫中，常見的句子形式是：V-ing/ V-ed+主句，例如：

［例1］ Feeling embarrassed and guilty （感到尷尬而羞愧）， he lowered his head.

［例2］ Taking a deep breath （深吸了一口氣）， Mary pushed open the door and stepped inside．

［例3］ Consumed with rage （被憤怒吞沒）， Lily let out hysterical screams.

［例4］ Tormented by depression （被憂郁所折磨）， he seemed to have lost all his life orientations and ceased to chase what he had long been pursuing.

［例5］ Tom came into the room， wearing a long face （拉長著臉）.

［例6］ She felt as if she were dancing on air， swept away by an overwhelming sense of joy （被一種壓倒性的喜悅所席卷）．

同時，with的復合結構常用于描述情緒，其基本結構為with+賓語+V-ing / V-ed，這一句型有時也可以省略with，構成主語+V-ing / V-ed+主句的獨立主格結構，例如：

［例7］ （With） Excitement getting better of him （興奮籠罩著我）， Joson bounced across the room to hug us.

［例8］ （With） Tears welling up in her eyes （眼淚涌了出來）， Joana hugged her son tightly and gently stroking his head.

［例9］ （With） Voice trembling and heart thudding violently （聲音顫抖著，心猛烈跳動著）， she squeezed out a broken sentence， “Who…who are you？”

［例10］ （With） His heart sinking to the bottom （心情跌至谷底）， George sighed and left.

［例11］ （With） Heart filled with excitement （心里充滿激動）， Tom grinned from ear to ear.

［例12］ （With） Eyes burning with anger （眼里燃著怒火）， Mr. Fry paced up and down， punching one hand with the other.

而當環境、心情、人物動作具有高度相關性時，也可以將三者結合，構成with復合結構/獨立主格結構+主句+非謂語動詞的長句結構。此時主句是主體，with復合結構/獨立主格結構及非謂語動詞就像飛鳥的兩翼，這種句子結構可稱為“飛鳥結構”。例如：

［例13］ With gusts of wind buffeting the window （陣陣風拍打著窗戶）， Mary huddled （蜷縮） on her bed， overwhelmed with a sense of terror （被恐懼包圍）．

［例14］ Bright sunrays shining upon her （明亮的陽光照在她身上）， Linda strolled leisurely （悠閑地散步） along the river， enveloped in a warm sense of delight （籠罩在溫暖的喜悅感中）．

［例15］ A bust of rage sweeping over him （一股怒火席卷了他）， Matt banged his fist on the table （他的拳頭重重地砸在桌子上）， shouting aloud （大吼道）， “Out of my sight！”

二、情緒描寫在高考題中的應用

以下，將以2020年7月浙江卷讀后續寫真題——野外遇熊展示情緒描寫在高考寫作中的運用。

One fall， my wife Elli and I had a single goal： to photograph polar bears. We were staying at a research camp outside “the polar bear capital of the world” — the town of Churchill in Manitoba， Canada．

Taking pictures of polar bears is amazing but also dangerous. Polar bears — like all wild animals — should be photographed from a safe distance. When Im face to face with a polar bear， I like it to be through a camera with a telephoto lens. But sometimes， that is easier said than done. This was one of those times．

As Elli and I cooked dinner， a young male polar bear who was playing in a nearby lake sniffed， and smelled our garlic bread．

The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp， which was surrounded by a high wire fence. He pulled and bit the wire. He stood on his back legs and pushed at the wooden fence posts．

Terrified， Elli and I tried all the bear defense actions we knew. We yelled at the bear， hit pots hard， and fired blank shotgun shells into the air. Sometimes loud noises like these will scare bears off. Not this polar bear though — he just kept trying to tear down the fence with his massive paws （爪子）．

I radioed the camp manager for help. He told me a helicopter was on its way， but it would be 30 minutes before it arrived. Making the best of this close encounter （相遇）， I took some pictures of the bear．

Elli and I feared the fence wouldnt last through 30 more minutes of the bears punishment. The camp manager suggested I use pepper spray. The spray burns the bears eyes， but doesnt hurt them. So I approached our uninvited guest slowly and， through the fence， sprayed him in the face. With an angry roar （吼叫），the bear ran to the lake to wash his eyes．

Paragraph 1： A few minutes later， the bear headed back to our camp.

Paragraph 2： At the very moment， the helicopter arrived.

［場景一］ 熊的憤怒。

［例1］ So irritated was the bear that it roared deafeningly and whacked the fence ferociously to tear it down （這只熊非常惱火，發出震耳欲聾的咆哮，兇猛地擊打著圍欄要把它推倒）.

［例2］ Roars piercing the silence， the bear revealed its sharp teeth and started to repeatedly pound the fence （咆哮聲打破了沉默，熊露出鋒利的牙齒，開始反復拍打圍欄）.

［場景二］ 夫妻兩人的恐懼。

［例1］ An unbearable sense of fear creeping on us， we huddled together， beads of sweat streaming down on cheeks，face turning pale and hearting thudding violently （一種難以忍受的恐懼感悄悄地向我們襲來，我們蜷縮在一起，汗珠順著臉頰，臉變得蒼白，心跳劇烈）.

［例2］ With the deafening roars echoing around， fear took hold of/ swept over us， depriving us of power of thinking （伴隨著震耳欲聾的咆哮聲，恐懼席卷了我們，剝奪了我們思考的能力）.

［例3］ The ferocious bear approaching， we were almost frozen to the spot， not even daring to take a breath （隨著兇猛的熊逼近，我們幾乎被嚇得僵在原地，連大氣都不敢喘）.

［例4］ So scared was I that my throat tightened and my knees felt weak （我嚇得喉嚨發緊，雙膝發軟）．

［例5］ Panicked as we were， we waved our fists and stamped heavily on the ground， attempting to intimidate the bear away （盡管我們很驚慌，但我們揮舞拳頭，重重地踩在地上，試圖嚇走這只熊）.

［場景三］ 直升機來臨，熊受驚，我們感到激動、寬慰。

［例1］ Startled by this gigantic flying machine and its thunderous noise， the bear leapt into the bushes and galloped to the depth of the forest （熊被這架巨大的飛行機器和它雷鳴般的噪音嚇了一跳，跳進灌木叢，向森林深處跑去）.

［例2］ Thrilled and relieved， we clutched the rope and eventually boarded the helicopter safe and sound （我們激動萬分，如釋重負，緊緊抓住繩子，最終安然無恙地登上了直升機）.

［例3］ The moment we rushed inside the helicopter， we collapsed， gasping with relief. （我們沖進直升機的那一刻，我們就累趴了，如釋重負地喘著粗氣）.

責任編輯 吳昊雷