看圖作文觀點(diǎn)段寫作策略

唐偉勝

描寫圖畫和解釋圖畫后（見本專欄前三篇文章），考研寫作最后一段要求給出考生自己的觀點(diǎn)（give your own comments）。如果說前兩個任務(wù)類似記敘文和說明文，這最后一項任務(wù)就相當(dāng)于議論文。考生需要對圖畫揭示出來的道理表明自己的態(tài)度，并給出建議或評論。本部分建議考生寫60—80字。

給出觀點(diǎn)的基本步驟為：1. 就圖畫的內(nèi)容明確提出自己的觀點(diǎn)；2. 對此觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)論證。下面用2024年考研真題為例進(jìn)行說明，圖畫如下：

該圖畫揭示的現(xiàn)象很明顯，即現(xiàn)在城市里的公園數(shù)量越來越多了。接下來，考生需要對這個現(xiàn)象表明態(tài)度，然后加以論證。以下是唐老師原創(chuàng)的范文（觀點(diǎn)段）：

In my opinion， it is important to build more parks in cities. To begin with， parks can absorb the polluted air and the intolerable noise and make cities a better place to live in. More importantly， parks give those living in cities， which are usually over-crowed， an ideal space to spend their free time doing exercise， or simply having a walk with their friends or family members.

【解析】本段共67個單詞。首先提出自己的觀點(diǎn)：在城市里建設(shè)更多公園很重要。第二句給出第一個理由（公園讓城市更宜居），第三句給出第二個理由（公園為城市居民提供了一個理想的休閑鍛煉場所）。兩個理由之間用more importantly連接。

下面再以2020年考研真題為例，圖畫如下：

這幅圖畫對比了兩個人對待工作的態(tài)度：一個提早，一個拖延，考生對此需要明確表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)并加以論證。以下是唐老師為本段創(chuàng)作的范文：

In my view， getting things done the earliest possible is always better than putting them off. In the first place， starting off earlier will ensure the quality of our work， since only by doing so can we have enough time to solve the problems that may appear. Then， excellent time-management is also important to improve our efficiency. The last-moment person is often the busiest but the most inefficient one. More importantly， as our experiences keep telling us， many things， if they are not done in time， will not be done at all.

【解析】本段共92字。首先提出自己的觀點(diǎn)：提早完成工作比拖延好。接下來舉出三條理由論證這個觀點(diǎn)：（1）提早開始可確保工作的質(zhì)量；（2）提早開始可以確保工作效率；（3）拖延往往做不成事情。三個理由之間用“in the first place， ...”“Then， ... ”“More importantly， ... ”連接。

常用論證方法

我們有多種辦法來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)，以下介紹因果法、反證法和舉例法這三個最常用的論證手段。

1. 因果法

因果法是論證的常用手法。簡單地說，因果法就是直接尋找原因，來支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。一般說來需要尋找兩三個理由才能讓自己的觀點(diǎn)更有說服力。比如：

Looking for new energy in uninhabited areas is a very attractive idea. Such places always abound with energy desperately needed by human race， thus attracting generations of people to take their chances. Besides， the exploration of energy in these areas has little immediate impact on the everyday life of people since it happens far away from where they live.

本段的觀點(diǎn)是：去無人居住的地方探索新能源是個好想法。為了論證這一觀點(diǎn)，本段提出了兩個原因：（1）這些地方往往富含人類需要的能源；（2）在這些地方探索能源對人類的日常生活沒有直接影響。再看一段：

I think cosmetic surgery is not a good thing. In the first place， if cosmetic surgery fosters a social atmosphere in which only appearance is valued， then no one will care about developing their inner character and personalities. More importantly， as cosmetic surgery is often very costly， only the rich people can afford the operation， which means only the rich people can benefit from the surgery. Consequently， cosmetic surgery has contributed to the ever-widening gap between the rich and the poor.

本段的觀點(diǎn)是：整容不是一件好事情。為了論證這一觀點(diǎn)，本段提出兩個理由：（1）整容培養(yǎng)了一種社會氛圍，讓大家都關(guān)注外表，而不是內(nèi)心；（2）整容可能擴(kuò)大貧富差距。

2. 反證法

如果正面論述一個觀點(diǎn)比較困難，我們可以考慮使用反證法，即：如果不這樣，會發(fā)生什么？比如，為了說明環(huán)境保護(hù)很重要，我們可以假設(shè)：如果不保護(hù)環(huán)境，會有什么后果。請看下面一段：

I think advertisements are useful in our life. Without the presence of advertising， consumers are at risk of purchasing a product which fails to meet their demands， due to lack of information of better alternatives in the market.

本段旨在說明：廣告是有用的。為了說明這一觀點(diǎn)，本段使用反證法：如果沒有廣告，消費(fèi)者可能買到不符合自己要求的產(chǎn)品。再如：

I believe in cultural diversity. It is this diversity that makes the world a colorful place to live in. If there were only one culture， the world would become such a horrible place， because we would not have a different but equally interesting way of looking at the world.

本段旨在說明：文化多樣性是好的。為了說明這個觀點(diǎn)，本段首先從正面說文化多樣性可讓這個世界更加豐富多彩，接下來從反面論證：如果只有一種文化，這個世界將變得可怕，因為我們再也不會有不同的視野來看待世界了。

3. 舉例法

舉例永遠(yuǎn)是考生可以考慮使用的一種論證方法。舉例時要緊扣要論證的觀點(diǎn)，比如：

We need an authoritative voice telling people to take breaks in your days， to slow down. I remember I met once with a young person， 21 years old， who said every time she tried to study or focus she would find herself staring at the clouds and trees. Later I found she did not have any disorder; what she really needed was nothing else but a break.

本段的觀點(diǎn)是：我們需要慢下來休息一下，不能永遠(yuǎn)像繃緊的發(fā)條。為了說明這個觀點(diǎn)，作者使用了一個身邊的例子：一個21歲的年輕人認(rèn)為自己身體有問題，但最后發(fā)現(xiàn)她沒有什么病，而是需要休息一段時間。再如：

Some students use websites which offer ready-made assignments. This is not a good idea， even if you ignore the fact that it is cheating， because such websites may contain factual errors or biased views. In a recent case， a student found herself in serious trouble when she submitted an essay from one of these sites only to discover that it was about Austria， not Australia， but had an error in the title.

本段的觀點(diǎn)是：不要使用網(wǎng)上的現(xiàn)成答案。作者用舉例法來論證這個觀點(diǎn)：有一個學(xué)生使用了這樣的答案，結(jié)果弄錯了，惹了麻煩。

論證常用結(jié)構(gòu)

根據(jù)不同的論證方法，這里提供幾種結(jié)構(gòu)，供大家參考。

1. In my view， __________. I hold this view mainly for two reasons. In the first place， __________. On top of that， __________.

2. Personally， I am in favor of the view that __________. Firstly， __________. Secondly， __________. Finally， __________.

3. In my view， it is important to __________. To start with， __________. Besides， __________. Finally， __________.

4. I think we should __________. If we __________， then __________. For example， __________.

*博士生導(dǎo)師，江西師范大學(xué)首席教授，英美文學(xué)學(xué)者。