1.賓語從句的時態不變
當賓語從句敘述的是客觀真理、格言、諺語時,謂語動詞不受主句謂語動詞時態的影響,一律用一般現在時。例如:
The math teacher said that one and one is two. 數學老師說一加一等于二。
He told the students that the earth moves round the sun.
他告訴學生們地球繞著太陽轉。
The physics teacher said (that) light travels much faster than sound.
物理老師說光比聲音傳播快得多。
Mother often told her son that practice makes perfect.
母親常對兒子說,熟能生巧。
2.賓語從句的否定轉移
當賓語從句表示否定之意時,若主句謂語動詞是think,believe,guess等詞時,習慣上是將否定轉移,使主句變成否定式,而從句使用肯定式。除think, believe, guess等動詞外,其他動詞后的賓語從句不發生否定轉移現象。例如:
I don’t think (that) he still remember me. 我想他不會還記得我了。
Mr Green doesn’t believe (that) the little girl will fall behind the others.
格林先生認為小女孩不會落在別人后面。
All of us know (that) chickens can’t swim. 我們都知道雞不會游泳。
3.賓語從句的插入語
如果賓語從句主句的謂語動詞是think,say等,且為一般疑問句,其后的從句又是連接代詞或連接副詞引導,則須將主句部分插入整句中,置于疑問結構之后。例如:
你認為誰此刻在教室里?
誤:Do you think who is in the classroom at the moment?
正:Who do you think is in the classroom at the moment?
他說要在北京待多久?
誤:Did he say how long he would stay in Beijing?
正:How long did he say he would stay in Beijing?
4.賓語從句的簡化
賓語從句可以轉換為動詞不定式、復合賓語或“疑問詞+不定式”結構等,從而變為簡單句。例如:
He hopes that he will be back very soon. →
He hopes to be back very soon.他希望自己很快回家。
The boy found there was a purse lying on the ground. →
The boy found a purse lying on the ground.那男孩發現地上有一個錢包。
Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? →
Could you tell me how to get to the post office? 你能告訴我到郵局怎么走?
5.賓語從句的 “兩副面孔”
when 和 if 不但可以引導賓語從句,也可引導狀語從句。因此,要分析整句話所表達的意義,特別要注意分清是賓語從句還是狀語從句。①if 引導賓語從句時,意為“是否”,其時態和主句時態相呼應;當它引導條件狀語從句時,意為“如果”,若主句時態是一般將來時,從句時態應用一般現在時來代替將來時。②when 引導賓語從句時,意為“何時”,其時態和主句時態相呼應;當它引導時間狀語從句時,意為“當……時候”,若主句是一般將來時,從句時態應用一般現在時來代替將來時。例如:
—Mary, do you know if Frank will go to the theatre with us this Sunday if it is fine? ——瑪麗,如果天氣好的話你知道弗蘭克本周日是否會同我們去看戲嗎?
—Sorry, I have no idea. ——很抱歉,我不知道。
—Do you know when he will come back? ——你知道他將什么時候回來嗎?
—Sorry, I don’t. When he comes back, I’ll tell you. ——很抱歉,我不知道。當他回來的時候,我將告訴你。
6.賓語從句的復合結構
在think, make, find等一些可帶復合賓語的動詞后,為避免句子結構混亂,常用it作形式賓語,而將that從句放在賓語補足語之后,其結構是“動詞(think, make, find等)+ it + 賓語補足語+ that從句”。例如:
We all think it important that we should learn English well in today’s world.
我們都認為在當今世界,學好英語是很重要的。
(作者單位:湖南省武岡市洞庭學校)