摘""要:山欄稻(Oryza"sativa"L.)是海南特有品種,有著優異的食味品質性狀,營養豐富,同時還具有抗病、抗旱、耐熱等優良的抗逆特性。但目前對山欄稻抗蟲方面研究較少。為此,本研究分別以TN1和RHT為感蟲和抗蟲對照品種,對山欄柴紅米、山欄尖山欄糯和山欄硬米高產3個山欄稻品種對褐飛虱的抗性進行評價,并分析其抗性機理。結果表明:在3個山欄稻品種中,山欄尖山欄糯在苗期的抗性表現為抗,另外2個品種均表現為感;在分蘗期,3個山欄稻品種對褐飛虱的抗性均顯著高于TN1。抗性機理研究表明:3個山欄稻品種和抗蟲對照品種RHT外層葉鞘部位厚壁組織的厚度以及細胞壁組成成分木質素、果膠、纖維素和半纖維素含量均顯著高于感蟲對照品種TN1。同時,3個山欄稻品種中本底和褐飛虱為害誘導的JA、JA-Ile、ABA和SA含量在各個時間點均顯著高于TN1,并且山欄尖山欄糯體內ABA的含量在各個時間均為最高。這些結果表明,山欄稻外層葉鞘部位厚的厚壁組織及其JA、ABA和SA信號途徑快速且強烈的響應,可能是山欄稻品種對褐飛虱抗性強于TN1的一個主要原因。
關鍵詞:山欄稻;褐飛虱;抗蟲相關植物激素;食草性昆蟲抗性中圖分類號:S435.112.3""""""文獻標志碼:A
Evaluation"of"the"Resistance"of"Shanlan"Upland"Rice"to"Brown"Planthopper
LIU"Zijie1,2,"LOU"Yonggen1,2*,"LYU"Baoqian3,4**
1."Institute"of"Insect"Sciences,"Zhejiang"University,"Hangzhou,"Zhejiang"310058,"China;"2."Hainan"Institute,"Zhejiang"University,"Sanya,"Hainan"572025,"China;"3."Environment"and"Plant"Protection"Institute,"Chinese"Academy"of"Tropical"Agricultural"Sciences,"Haikou,"Hainan"571101,"China;"4."Sanya"Research"Institute,"Chinese"Academy"of"Tropical"Agricultural"Sciences"/"Hainan"Key"Laboratory"for"Biosafety"Monitoring"and"Molecular"Breeding"in"the"Off-season"Reproduction"Regions,"Sanya,"Hainan"572025,"China
Abstract:"Shanlan"upland"rice"(Oryza"sativa"L.)"is"an"unique"variety"in"Hainan,"with"excellent"taste"quality"traits"and"rich"nutrition."At"the"same"time,"it"also"has"excellent"stress"resistance,"such"as"disease"resistance,"drought"resistance"and"heat"resistance."However,"thus"far,"the"resistance"of"Shanlan"upland"rice"to"herbivores"remains"largely"unknown."Thus,"in"this"study,"using"TN1"and"RHT"as"susceptible"and"resistant"control"varieties,"respectively,"the"resistance"of"three"Shanlan"upland"rice"varieties,"Shanlanchaihongmi,"Shanlanjianshanlannuo"and"Shanlanyingmigaochan"to"BPH"was"evaluated,"and"their"resistance"mechanisms"were"analyzed."The"results"showed"that"at"the"seedling"stage,"the"variety"of"Shanlanjianshannuo"showed"resistant"to"Nuaparvata"lugens,"brown"planthopper"BPH,"whereas"the"other"two"varieties"were"susceptible"to"BPH."At"the"tillering"stage,"the"resistance"of"the"three"rice"cultivars"to"BPH"was"all"significantly"higher"than"that"of"TN1."The"mechanism"studies"revealed"that"the"thickness"of"the"thick-walled"tissue"in"the"outer"leaf"sheaths"and"the"level"of"cell"wall"components"including"lignin,"pectin,"cellulose"and"hemicellulose"were"significantly"higher"in"the"three"Shanlan"upland"rice"cultivars"and"the"insect-resistant"control"cultivar"RHT"than"the"insect-susceptible"control"cultivar"TN1."Moreover,"the"basal"and"BPH-induced"levels"of"JA,"JA-Ile,"ABA"and"SA"in"the"three"Shanlan"upland"rice"cultivars"were"significantly"higher"than"those"in"TN1,"and"the"content"of"ABA"in"Shanlanjianshanlannuo"plants"was"the"highest"in"all"of"the"tested"varieties."The"results"demonstrated"that"the"thickness"of"the"thick-walled"tissue"of"the"outer"leaf"sheaths"of"Shanlan"upland"rice"and"the"rapid"and"strong"responses"of"JA,"ABA"and"SA"signaling"pathways"to"BPH"infestation"might"be"the"major"reasons"why"the"BPH"resistance"is"stronger"in"Shanlan"upland"rice"cultivars"than"TN1.
Keywords:"Shanlan"upland"rice;"brown"planthopper;"defense-related"phytohormone;"herbivore"resistance
DOI:"10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.08.016
水稻作為我國十分重要的糧食作物,對其安全生產的保障舉足輕重。然而褐飛虱[Nuaparvata"lugens"(St?l)]是一種具有遷飛和爆發性的昆蟲[1],通過取食、產卵和傳播病毒給水稻生產帶來巨大的經濟損失[2]。現如今防治褐飛虱最環保、有效、經濟的方法就是對抗蟲品種的合理利用[3-4]。因此,研究水稻抗蟲機理、挖掘新的水稻抗蟲基因、培育新的水稻抗蟲品種對我國水稻生產具有重要意義[5]。
已有研究表明,水稻內源的茉莉酸(jasmonic"acid,"JA)、水楊酸(salicylic"acid,"SA)、脫落酸(abscisic"acid,"ABA)等植物激素在調控水稻對褐飛虱的抗性中發揮著重要作用[6]。在水稻中,JA信號通路損傷突變體(OsAOC或OsMYC2敲除突變體)體內次生代謝物,如酚胺類、黃酮類和揮發物等物質顯著降低,最終導致褐飛虱的卵孵化率顯著上升,水稻抗性減弱[7]。研究發現,稻縱卷葉螟(Cnaphalocrocis"medinalis)取食水稻葉片能夠誘導SA產生,且外施SA提高了水稻TrypPIs的含量;抗蟲水稻品種bph6受到褐飛虱為害后能積累更高的SA水平,表明SA參與調控水稻對不同類型害蟲為害的應答[8-9]。研究表明,外施ABA的水稻在褐飛虱為害后,體內β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性降低,胼胝質合成酶活性升高,誘導產生的胼胝質影響褐飛虱卵黃原蛋白的轉錄和褐飛虱的產卵行為,最終提高水稻對褐飛虱的抗性;最近研究發現,ABA水解酶OsABA8ox3也參與該過程的調控[10-12]。此外,水稻對褐飛虱的抗性也與水稻厚壁組織的厚度有關[13]。厚壁組織位于表皮下,是維管束附近的結構支持組織,距離水稻葉鞘維管束只有1到2層細胞。厚壁組織包含多層細胞,堅硬的次生壁形成1個厚厚的區域,以保護和機械支撐內部組織。這表明它可能在褐飛虱口針到達韌皮部取食的過程中發揮作用。
山欄稻是適合海南中西部干旱地區種植的特有稻種資源。作為珍貴種質資源的山欄稻,具有許多優良的抗逆特性,比如抗病、抗旱、耐熱等。但是抗蟲方面的信息報道較少[14-15]。山欄稻抗蟲性評價是水稻抗蟲的種質資源獲得的重要環節,可進一步應用于水稻育種,這對改良、利用和保護山欄稻種質資源具有重要意義。
1.1""材料
1.1.1""供試蟲源""用于試驗的褐飛虱[Nuaparvata"lugens"(St?l),"rice"brown"planthopper,"BPH]種群來自海南三亞稻田,在人工氣候室條件下[溫度(26±2)"℃,光照12"h,濕度70%~80%],用催芽7"d左右的TN1水稻幼苗飼喂并進行種群繁殖。本試驗的褐飛虱均為室內培養30代以上,且試驗前通過苗期抗性鑒定試驗對褐飛虱致害力進行評價。進行生測測定試驗前,選取數量比為2∶1的初羽化BPH雌成蟲和雄成蟲至新籠中,用TN1水稻苗(催苗后約7"d左右)繼續飼養,讓其自由交配和懷卵,3~4"d后挑選大小一致BPH懷卵雌成蟲用于相應的生物測定試驗。
1.1.2""供試水稻""在本研究中,所用水稻品種分別為感蟲對照品種Taichung"native"1(TN1)、抗蟲對照品種Rathu"Heenati(RHT)和3個山欄稻品種(山欄柴紅米、山欄尖山欄糯和山欄硬米高產)。前2個品種由中國水稻研究所提供種子,后面3個山欄稻品種為海南當地品種,由海南瓊中村民提供。將水稻種子放于培養皿中,用清水浸泡24"h使種子發芽,其后注意清洗,并保持種子表面呈濕潤且非浸泡狀態,待苗長高至4~6"cm后轉移至30"L塑料筐中并置于溫室[溫度(28±2)"℃,光照14"L∶10"D,濕度50%~60%],期間每10"d左右更換培養液1次。待生長30"d后,選取生長狀態較好、長勢一致的水稻,摘除黃葉,根據不同試驗需要提前3~4"d以單株形式轉移至不透光的塑料杯(直徑8"cm,高10"cm)中,用相同的營養液培養,恢復生長3~4"d后用于后續試驗。
1.2""方法
1.2.1""苗期抗性試驗""采用標準苗期集團篩選法(SSST法)[16]。將每個品種的水稻種子(包括感蟲對照TN1和抗蟲對照RHT)播種于育秧盤中,每品種10穴,設3次重復。各品種隨機排列。試驗于室外進行,采用自然光照。種子發芽1周后去掉未發芽的種子或者生長不佳的稻苗,每穴只留1株健康稻苗。到2葉1心時期,平均每株水稻苗接入褐飛虱1~2齡若蟲5~6頭。當TN1受害率達70%時,每天記錄各品種稻苗受害情況;當TN1全部枯死時,評定各品種抗性等級:死苗率低于1.0%為免疫,死苗率1.1%~10.0%為1級(高抗)、10.1%~30.0%為3級(抗)、30.1%~50.0%為5級(中抗)、50.1%~70.0%為7級(感)、高于70.1%為9級(高感)[17]。
1.2.2""分蘗期抗性試驗""接蟲時,將不同水稻品種分組。每株稻苗莖稈下部罩上特制的玻璃筒(直徑4"cm,高8"cm,筒壁均勻分布48個直徑0.8"mm的小孔),然后接入初孵若蟲20頭,玻璃管的上端用海綿封口。每個處理設置10個重復。每天記錄若蟲存活情況,直到第12天。根據結果計算若蟲存活率。
按上述分組每株水稻苗接入10頭褐飛虱待產卵雌成蟲,每個水稻品種重復10次。24"h后去除褐飛虱成蟲。每天觀察記錄各水稻苗上孵化的若蟲數,至無若蟲孵化時,剪取水稻苗于顯微鏡下計數未孵化卵的數量,計算卵孵化率。
按上述分組每株稻苗莖稈下部罩上特制的玻璃筒(直徑4"cm,高8"cm,筒壁均勻分布48個直徑0.8"mm的小孔),筒內放置1頭初羽化雌成蟲和1頭初羽化雄成蟲。8"d后,將蟲移除,每個處理設置10個重復,使用電子顯微鏡檢查每株水稻上的產卵量。
1.2.3""厚壁組織厚度測量""切取水稻苗葉鞘,長約2"cm,固定在FAA溶液中,然后進行脫水、包埋、切片、番紅固綠、全片掃描。用NDP.view"2軟件對水稻苗最外兩層葉鞘厚壁組織厚度進行分析。
1.2.4""細胞壁組成成分測定""取水稻苗最外兩層水稻葉鞘(長約2"cm)進行細胞壁組分的測量。
果膠含量測定:采用比色法測定。參照蘇州科銘生物技術有限公司總果膠試劑盒提供的實驗方法。
木質素含量測定:取樣品300"mg,加入甲醇反復震蕩洗滌,剩余組織殘渣烘干后用于木質素的提取。具體提取方法參考XU等[18]的方法,使用分光光度計檢測,設置3個生物學重復。
纖維素含量測定:首先制備細胞壁物質,獲得的細胞壁物質進行纖維素的提取和測定。參照蘇州科銘生物技術有限公司纖維素試劑盒提供的實驗方法。
1.2.5""激素含量測定""水稻生長25~30"d后,單株移至塑料杯中,每株水稻接15頭BPH懷卵雌成蟲,BPH懷卵雌成蟲處理0、8、24"h后,用剪刀剪取BPH產卵、為害部位的水稻莖稈,迅速浸入液氮中,–80"℃保存。稱取液氮研磨后的樣品0.15"g左右,每個處理設置3個生物學重復。JA、JA-Ile、SA、ABA激素含量的提取及測定方法參照HETTENHAUSEN等[19]的方法。
1.3""數據處理
采用Excel軟件進行數據整理,根據試驗設計和統計分析原理,利用SPSS"16.0(Chicago,"Illinois"State,"USA)軟件完成數據統計分析。本試驗數據均先采用單因素方差分析(one-way"ANOVA),再采用Tukey’s"HSD"post-"hoc"tests進行檢驗。
2.1""不同水稻品種苗期抗褐飛虱鑒定結果
參試的5個水稻品種,經苗期抗性鑒定,RHT和山欄尖山欄糯在苗期抗性較好,分別為高抗和抗;山欄柴紅米和山欄硬米高產則表現為感(表1)。
2.2""不同水稻品種成株期對褐飛虱生長發育繁殖的影響
褐飛虱初孵若蟲在5個品種上的存活率存在顯著差異,其中在TN1上的存活率最高,為73.5%;在抗蟲對照品種RHT上的存活率最低,為35.0%;而在山欄柴紅米、山欄尖山欄糯、山欄硬米高產上的存活率介于上述二者之間,分別為44%、59%、46.5%(圖1A)。褐飛虱雌成蟲在TN1上的卵孵化率最高,為73.17%,在山欄柴紅米、山欄尖山欄糯、山欄硬米高產上的卵孵化率分別為66.69%、65.52%、67.22%,在RHT上的
卵孵化率最低,為61.09%;在TN1上的卵孵化率顯著高于3種山欄稻和RHT(圖1B)。褐飛虱雌成蟲在TN1上的產卵量(244.3粒)顯著高于其在3種山欄稻品種上產卵量;在山欄硬米高產上的產卵量為197.5粒,在山欄柴紅米的產卵量為172.6粒,在山欄尖山欄糯的產卵量為176.7粒,在RHT的產卵量為131.3粒(圖1C)。
2.3""不同水稻品種厚壁組織厚度
對5個水稻品種葉鞘進行石蠟切片,結果顯示RHT以及3個山欄稻品種最外兩層葉鞘厚壁組織的厚度均顯著厚于TN1(圖2)。
2.4""不同水稻品種細胞壁組成成分含量
對水稻葉鞘外層細胞壁組成成分木質素、果膠、纖維素進行測定,結果表明RHT、山欄尖山欄糯及山欄硬米高產體內木質素含量均顯著高于TN1(圖3A);山欄尖山欄糯體內果膠含量顯著高于其他4種水稻品種(圖3B);RHT與3種山欄稻體內纖維素含量均顯著高于TN1(圖3C)。
2.5""褐飛虱為害對水稻體內激素含量的影響
研究結果表明,3個山欄稻品種中本底的JA和JA-Ile含量均顯著高于TN1和RHT,其中尤以山欄硬米高產品種中JA含量最高;褐飛虱為害8~24"h時5個水稻品種體內JA含量整體呈先上升后下降的趨勢,并且總體上3個山欄稻品種和RHT中的JA和JA-Ile含量均顯著高于TN1(圖4A、圖4B)。RHT品種和3個山欄稻品種中的SA和ABA含量,無論是本底的還是褐飛虱為害8"h或24"h誘導的,均顯著高于品種TN1(圖4C、圖4D)。
本研究通過開展3種山欄稻對褐飛虱抗性評價,發現相比于TN1,山欄稻對BPH的生長與繁殖有一定抑制作用,說明山欄稻對褐飛虱具有一定的抗性。其中,山欄尖山欄糯在3種山欄稻中抗性最好,抗性級別最高。
BPH是一種具有毀滅性的水稻害蟲,BPH的口針穿過厚壁組織,在韌皮部建立為害位點。前人研究結果表明厚壁組織增厚是阻止褐飛虱到達韌皮部進行為害的物理障礙,從而增加水稻對BPH的抗性[13]。本研究結果顯示,RHT及3種山欄稻厚壁組織厚度在褐飛虱為害前著高于TN1,并且細胞壁組成成分的含量均顯著高于TN1,厚壁組織的增厚與細胞壁組成成分密切相關,而厚壁組織的增厚又進一步增加水稻對褐飛虱的抗性。這些研究結果表明,加強通往韌皮部路徑上的細胞壁可能是抵抗植物韌皮部昆蟲為害的常見機制。
植物激素在植物抵御昆蟲為害中發揮重要作用。JA信號通路在調控水稻抗BPH中發揮著重要作用。為了應對BPH的攻擊,JA在水稻葉鞘中迅速積累,隨后激活下游JA介導的防御反應,如防御性次生代謝產物的生物合成。而JA-Ile是JA的活性物質,前人研究表明,植物在受到外界脅迫后會促進體內JA-Ile的合成,進而誘導植物形成防御系統,誘導防御相關基因表達以保護植株免受外界脅迫損傷[20]。目前研究發現,缺乏ABA會降低植物對植食性動物的抗性,如有研究表明甜菜夜蛾更傾向于取食ABA含量低的番茄,抗蟲能力越差ABA含量越低[21-23]。除此之外,研究表明,ABA還能提高水稻對褐飛虱的抗性,增強水稻對褐飛虱抗性的重要原因之一是誘導了胼胝質的合成,形成一道可有效抵御褐飛虱侵害的屏障[24],從而提高水稻的抗蟲性。SA普遍存在于植物體內,并且在抗鹽脅迫、抗冷、抗病和抗蟲等方面扮演著重要的角色。本研究結果表明,3個山欄稻品種和RHT中褐飛虱為害誘導的JA、JA-Ile、ABA和SA含量均顯著高于TN1品種,表明這些植物激素可能均參與山欄稻對褐飛虱的抗性的調控。綜上所述,山欄稻對褐飛虱存在一定抗性,其中山欄尖山欄糯的抗性表現最好。山欄稻外層葉鞘部位的厚壁組織及其JA、ABA和SA信號途徑快速且強烈的響應,可能是山欄稻品種對褐飛虱抗性強于TN1的一個主要原因。
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