



[摘 要]目的 探究不同類型不孕女性血清維生素D(Vit D)的表達(dá)及與卵巢功能和代謝指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性。方法 選取2021年12月至2023年10月就診于西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心的206名不孕癥女性。根據(jù)不孕原因?qū)⑵浞譃槎嗄衣殉簿C合征(PCOS)組(n=77)、卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能減退(DOR)組(n=82)、對(duì)照組(n=47)。比較三組不孕女性血清Vit D水平,分析各組血清Vit D水平與卵巢功能及代謝指標(biāo)(脂代謝、甲狀腺代謝、空腹血糖、同型半胱氨酸)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 DOR組、PCOS組及對(duì)照組的血清Vit D水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=3.235,P<0.05),其中DOR組及PCOS組均低于對(duì)照組,但只有PCOS組與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.518,P<0.05)。在調(diào)整了年齡和體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)與未調(diào)整年齡和BMI后,對(duì)三組不孕女性的血清Vit D水平與各項(xiàng)卵巢功能進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,結(jié)果顯示:DOR組、PCOS組及對(duì)照組的血清Vit D水平與抗苗勒管激素(AMH)、竇卵泡數(shù)(AFC)、基礎(chǔ)卵泡刺激素(bFSH)及雌二醇(E2)均無(wú)相關(guān)性(P>0.05);對(duì)三組不孕女性的血清Vit D水平與各項(xiàng)代謝指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,結(jié)果顯示:DOR組、PCOS組及對(duì)照組的血清Vit D水平與總膽固醇(TC)均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(調(diào)整了年齡和BMI前后,r值分別為-0.454、-0.455、-0.442、-0.432、-0.446、-0.475,P<0.05),血清Vit D水平與高密度脂蛋白(HDL)均呈正相關(guān)(調(diào)整了年齡和BMI前后,r值分別為0.376、0.379、0.476、0.477、0.360、0.329,P<0.05),血清Vit D水平與抗甲狀腺過(guò)氧化物酶抗體(TPO-Ab)均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(調(diào)整了年齡和BMI前后,r值分別為-0.466、-0.479、-0.527、-0.534、-0.494、-0.502,P<0.05),而三組的血清Vit D水平與甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、空腹血糖、促甲狀腺素(TSH)、游離T3(FT3)、游離T4(FT4)、抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(Anti-TGAb)及同型半胱氨酸(HCY)均無(wú)相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 合并卵巢病變的不孕女性更易出現(xiàn)血清Vit D水平的降低,血清Vit D水平與不孕女性的卵巢功能無(wú)直接相關(guān)性,與脂代謝TC呈負(fù)相關(guān),與HDL呈正相關(guān),與甲狀腺代謝TPO-Ab呈負(fù)相關(guān)。血清Vit D水平可能間接地通過(guò)調(diào)控不孕女性的脂代謝及甲狀腺代謝影響其生育能力。
[關(guān)鍵詞]不孕癥;維生素D;卵巢功能;代謝指標(biāo)
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2025.02.016
[中圖分類號(hào)]R173 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1673-5293(2025)02-0109-08
Expression of serum vitamin D in women with different types of infertility and its relationship with ovarian function and metabolic indicators
ZHOU Ni1,MA Miaoyan2,CHEN Qing1,LU Xiaoning1,XI Wenyan1,WU Jinfang1
(1.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology;2.Department of Ultrasound,the Second "Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University,Shaanxi Xi′an 710004,China)
[Abstract] Objective To explore the expression of serum vitamin D (Vit D) with different types of infertility and its correlation with ovarian function and metabolic indicators. Methods A total of 206 women with infertility who visited the Reproductive Medicine Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University from December 2021 to October 2023 were included. Based on the causes of infertility,they were divided into three groups:polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) group (n=77),the diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) group (n=82) and control group (n=47). Serum Vit D levels were compared among the three groups,and the correlations between serum Vit D levels and ovarian function as well as metabolic indicators (lipid metabolism,thyroid metabolism,fasting blood glucose,and homocysteine) were analyzed for each group. Results The serum Vit D levels among DOR group,PCOS group and control group showed significant differences (F=3.235,P<0.05). Both the DOR and PCOS groups had lower serum Vit D levels than the control group,but only the difference between the PCOS group and the control group was statistically significant (t=-2.518,P<0.05). Correlation analysis between serum Vit D levels and ovarian function was performed in the three groups,both before and after adjusting for age and BMI. The results indicated that serum Vit D levels in the DOR,PCOS,and control groups were not significantly correlated with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH),antral follicle count (AFC),basal follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH),or estradiol (E2) (P>0.05). Correlation analysis between serum Vit D levels and metabolic indicators showed:Serum Vit D levels were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (TC) in all three groups (before and after adjusting for age and BMI,r=-0.454,-0.455,-0.442,-0.432,-0.446 and -0.475,respectively,P<0.05).Serum Vit D levels were positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in all three groups (before and after adjusting for age and BMI,r=0.376,0.379,0.476,0.477,0.360 and 0.329,respectively,P<0.05).Serum Vit D levels were negatively correlated with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) in all three groups (before and after adjusting for age and BMI,r=-0.466,-0.479,-0.527,-0.534,-0.494 and -0.502,respectively,P<0.05). However,no correlations were observed between serum Vit D levels and triglycerides (TG),low-density lipoprotein (LDL),fasting blood glucose,thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),free T3 (FT3),free T4 (FT4),anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Anti-TGAb),or homocysteine (HCY) (P>0.05). Conclusion Women with infertility combined with ovarian disorders are more likely to exhibit lower serum Vit D levels. Serum Vit D levels are not directly associated with ovarian function in infertile women but are negatively correlated with lipid metabolism marker total cholesterol (TC),positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL),and negatively correlated with thyroid metabolism marker anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab). Serum Vit D levels may indirectly influence fertility by regulating lipid and thyroid metabolism in infertile women.
[Key words] infertility;vitamin D;ovarian function;metabolic index
維生素D(vitamin D,Vit D)是一種類固醇激素,主要有兩種形式,即Vit D2和Vit D3。Vit D2主要通過(guò)紫外線照射在植物、酵母和真菌中產(chǎn)生,只有通過(guò)食物才能進(jìn)入人體;Vit D3主要是紫外線B照射皮膚時(shí)由7-脫氫膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)[1]。25-羥維生素D[25-hydroxy vitamin D,25(OH)D]是Vit D在血液中的主要存在形式,其半衰期較長(zhǎng),性質(zhì)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,是評(píng)估人體Vit D水平的主要指標(biāo)。25(OH)D經(jīng)過(guò)腎的羥化作用后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?,25-二羥維生素D3[1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3,1,25(OH)2D3],即有生物學(xué)活性的Vit D形式。1,25(OH)2D3與Vit D結(jié)合蛋白結(jié)合,并作用于靶器官的維生素D受體(vitamin D receptor,VDR),發(fā)揮相應(yīng)的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[2]。研究表明,VDR不僅分布在人類的內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)(下丘腦、垂體、胰腺、甲狀腺和腎上腺皮質(zhì)),還分布在男性和女性的生殖器官、組織和細(xì)胞中,如卵巢、顆粒細(xì)胞、子宮內(nèi)膜、胎盤、蛻膜及男性的睪丸和生精細(xì)胞中,提示Vit D可能參與了女性各種內(nèi)分泌的代謝及生殖的調(diào)控[3-4]。
近年來(lái),隨著生活壓力增大及婚育年齡的推后,女性不孕癥的發(fā)生率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),且大多數(shù)不孕女性都處于Vit D缺乏或不足的狀態(tài)[2],因此,眾多學(xué)者對(duì)Vit D與女性生殖健康的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究。有研究顯示,不孕癥患者血清Vit D濃度與竇卵泡數(shù)具有相關(guān)性,嚴(yán)重缺乏Vit D時(shí)會(huì)影響患者的卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能[5];補(bǔ)充Vit D3會(huì)改變一些患者的抗苗勒管激素水平[6-7];降低血清甘油三酯、改善血脂[8]。然而,也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清Vit D水平與卵巢功能無(wú)關(guān)[9-10]。到目前為止,對(duì)Vit D與生殖及內(nèi)分泌代謝系統(tǒng)之間關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)尚未統(tǒng)一,且大多數(shù)研究都未進(jìn)行疾病的分類。基于以上情況,本研究根據(jù)不孕原因的迥異,將不孕女性進(jìn)行了分類,探討血清Vit D在不同類型不孕女性中的表達(dá)及與卵巢功能和代謝指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性。
1研究對(duì)象與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
回顧性收集2021年12月至2023年10月在西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心就診的不孕癥女性患者作為研究對(duì)象。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①臨床診斷為不孕癥;②年齡為20~40歲;③不孕原因:a.卵巢相關(guān)因素:多囊卵巢綜合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS),卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能減退(diminished ovarian reserve,DOR);b.非卵巢因素:輸卵管因素。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①存在染色體異常;②有卵巢手術(shù)史;③有生育障礙家族史;④6個(gè)月內(nèi)服用過(guò)Vit D補(bǔ)充劑;⑤6個(gè)月內(nèi)接受過(guò)激素或促排卵治療。
本次共收集206例符合要求的不孕癥女性患者,根據(jù)不孕原因?qū)⑵浞譃槿M:PCOS組77例:PCOS因素;DOR組82例:DOR因素;對(duì)照組(非卵巢因素)47例:輸卵管因素。
本研究已經(jīng)通過(guò)西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批(編號(hào):2023291)。
1.2研究方法
1.2.1資料的收集
所有資料都來(lái)自于本院電子病歷系統(tǒng)。
一般資料包括:年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)、分娩次數(shù)、不孕時(shí)間、不孕類型。
臨床指標(biāo)包括卵巢功能及代謝指標(biāo)兩方面。卵巢功能具體為抗苗勒管激素(anti-müllerian hormone,AMH)、竇卵泡數(shù)(antral follicle count,AFC)、基礎(chǔ)卵泡刺激素(basic follicle-stimulating hormone,bFSH)及雌二醇(estradiol,E2)。代謝指標(biāo)具體為脂質(zhì)代謝[總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL)],甲狀腺代謝[促甲狀腺素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、游離T3(free triiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T3)、游離T4(free tetraiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T4)、抗甲狀腺過(guò)氧化物酶抗體(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPO-Ab)、抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(anti-thyroglobulin antibody,Anti-TGAb)],空腹血糖,同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCY),Vit D。
1.2.2檢測(cè)方法
在患者月經(jīng)來(lái)潮的第2~3天抽取晨間空腹靜脈血5mL,以3 500r/min離心10min后提取血清,應(yīng)用羅氏e411化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析儀檢測(cè)血清中AMH、bFSH、E2,試劑盒為儀器配套試劑,嚴(yán)格遵照說(shuō)明書步驟實(shí)施操作。
同時(shí)期抽取外周靜脈血5mL,常溫靜置30min后,以3 000r/min離心5min收集血清,應(yīng)用貝克曼全自動(dòng)生化分析儀測(cè)定血清中血糖、TC、TG、HDL、LDL、HCY及Vit D,應(yīng)用羅氏e801全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析儀測(cè)定血清TSH、FT3、FT4、TPO-Ab、Anti-TGAb。
在采血當(dāng)日,使用GE Voluson E8彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀對(duì)患者進(jìn)行AFC檢查,選用二維凸陣探頭,頻率為2~5MHz,記錄雙側(cè)卵巢2~9mm的AFC。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示,滿足正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)和方差齊性檢驗(yàn)后,組間比較采用方差分析,事后采用LSD檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分率)[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);應(yīng)用Pearson進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,以相關(guān)系數(shù)r表示。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1三組不孕女性一般資料及血清Vit D水平的比較
三組患者的年齡、BMI、不孕時(shí)間,以及不孕類型、流產(chǎn)次數(shù)、活產(chǎn)次數(shù)的分布比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組的血清Vit D水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其中DOR組及PCOS組均低于對(duì)照組,但只有PCOS組與對(duì)照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2三組不孕女性血清Vit D水平與卵巢功能的相關(guān)性
在調(diào)整了年齡和BMI與未調(diào)整年齡和BMI后,三組患者的血清Vit D水平與各項(xiàng)卵巢功能進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,兩種結(jié)果均顯示:DOR組、PCOS組及對(duì)照組的血清Vit D水平與AMH、AFC、bFSH、E2均無(wú)相關(guān)性(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3三組不孕女性血清Vit D水平與代謝指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性
在調(diào)整了年齡和BMI與未調(diào)整年齡和BMI后,對(duì)三組患者的血清Vit D水平與各項(xiàng)代謝指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,兩種結(jié)果均顯示:DOR組、PCOS組及對(duì)照組的血清Vit D水平與TC均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),血清Vit D水平與HDL均呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),血清Vit D水平與TPO-Ab均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05);三組的血清Vit D水平與TG、LDL、空腹血糖、TSH、FT3、FT4、Anti-TGAb及HCY均無(wú)相關(guān)性(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3及圖1、圖2、圖3。
3討論
3.1 Vit D對(duì)不孕女性生育的影響
近年來(lái),不孕不育始終是公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)熱門話題,影響著全球約4 850萬(wàn)對(duì)夫婦,帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的心理、醫(yī)療和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[11]。PCOS、卵巢功能減退及輸卵管梗阻是女性不孕的主要原因,而輔助生殖技術(shù)可以解決這些問(wèn)題。2016年、2018年及2020年的薈萃分析均顯示,與血清Vit D缺乏或不足的女性相比,補(bǔ)充Vit D的女性接受體外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer,IVF-ET)的臨床妊娠率和活產(chǎn)率更高[12-14]。Vit D水平已成為影響女性生育的一個(gè)重要因素。
3.2血清Vit D與卵巢功能的關(guān)系
AMH、bFSH、E2及AFC是臨床上常用于評(píng)價(jià)卵巢功能的指標(biāo)。早在2009年,Malloy等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AMH的啟動(dòng)子具有功能性Vit D反應(yīng)元件。2013年,Singh等[16]證明AMH是由竇前卵泡和小竇狀卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞分泌,并通過(guò)表達(dá)在顆粒細(xì)胞膜上的AMHⅡ受體,在始基卵泡向FSH敏感性卵泡的發(fā)育過(guò)程中發(fā)揮直接或間接的作用。這說(shuō)明Vit D在卵泡的分化和發(fā)育中起重要作用。本研究顯示,相比于對(duì)照組(輸卵管因素),在卵巢因素(DOR、PCOS)導(dǎo)致的不孕女性中,血清Vit D水平較低,尤其是PCOS明顯降低,且差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。但是,在DOR組、PCOS組及對(duì)照組中,血清Vit D水平與AMH、AFC、bFSH及E2均無(wú)相關(guān)性,即使調(diào)整了年齡及BMI后,仍無(wú)相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。這說(shuō)明血清Vit D水平對(duì)卵巢功能可能沒(méi)有直接影響。一項(xiàng)對(duì)卵母細(xì)胞捐贈(zèng)者的研究表明,血清Vit D水平與卵巢儲(chǔ)備或卵巢刺激后的卵巢反應(yīng)無(wú)關(guān)[17]。Drakopoulos等[10]對(duì)不孕女性進(jìn)行的橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Vit D水平與AMH和AFC均無(wú)關(guān)。國(guó)內(nèi)研究也表明,血清Vit D水平與卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能無(wú)相關(guān)性[2]。本研究與上述研究結(jié)論一致。然而,一項(xiàng)納入388名月經(jīng)周期規(guī)律的絕經(jīng)前女性的橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清Vit D水平與AMH水平之間呈正相關(guān)[18]。Jukic等[19]研究了1 430名絕經(jīng)前女性Vit D狀態(tài)與FSH水平之間的關(guān)系,其發(fā)現(xiàn)血清Vit D水平與尿FSH水平之間存在負(fù)相關(guān)。這表明低Vit D水平可能會(huì)影響卵巢功能,并使女性更年期提前。不同研究得出的結(jié)論迥異,考慮主要與納入的研究對(duì)象存在差異有關(guān),可能是由于人群的異質(zhì)性所導(dǎo)致。
3.3血清Vit D與脂代謝及甲狀腺代謝指標(biāo)的關(guān)系
研究表明,低Vit D水平與代謝綜合征的幾乎所有方面都存在關(guān)聯(lián),即2型糖尿病(T2DM)、空腹血糖受損、高血壓、血脂異常、肥胖和胰島素抵抗等[20]。本研究顯示,在DOR組、PCOS組及對(duì)照組的不孕女性中,血清Vit D水平與TC均呈負(fù)相關(guān)、與HDL均呈正相關(guān)、與TPO-Ab均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05)。鞠香麗等[21]對(duì)健康人群進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),25(OH)D水平與血脂異常相關(guān),與25(OH)D正常組相比,25(OH)D缺乏組的TG水平呈升高趨勢(shì),HDL水平呈下降趨勢(shì)。本研究結(jié)果與之部分相同。Akbari等[22]進(jìn)行的薈萃分析中顯示,補(bǔ)充Vit D顯著降低妊娠期糖尿病患者的LDL水平,但其他血脂參數(shù)沒(méi)有改變。有證據(jù)表明,異常的血脂與較差的卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量、卵巢功能和胚胎發(fā)育有關(guān)[23]。也有研究顯示,卵泡液中脂質(zhì)代謝也會(huì)影響卵母細(xì)胞的存活和成熟[24]。因此認(rèn)為,血清Vit D可能通過(guò)改善人類血脂代謝進(jìn)而改善卵泡發(fā)育、卵巢功能,甚至妊娠結(jié)局。TPO-Ab是自身免疫性甲狀腺炎的主要原因。有研究顯示,在患有甲狀腺自身免疫的遺傳易感個(gè)體中,Vit D缺乏與代謝綜合征、全身炎癥及橋本甲狀腺炎的增加有關(guān)[25]。來(lái)自韓國(guó)4 181名參與者的調(diào)查顯示,Vit D缺乏組的TPO-Ab陽(yáng)性率高于Vit D充足組[26]。另有多項(xiàng)研究表明,補(bǔ)充Vit D可使甲狀腺自身抗體的滴度顯著降低[27-28]。本研究與上述結(jié)果一致。因此認(rèn)為,血清Vit D可能通過(guò)降低TPO-Ab來(lái)改善甲狀腺功能,進(jìn)而降低妊娠期甲狀腺疾病的發(fā)生,改善妊娠結(jié)局。
綜上,合并卵巢病變的不孕女性更易出現(xiàn)血清Vit D水平的降低,血清Vit D水平與不孕女性的卵巢功能無(wú)直接相關(guān)性,血清Vit D與脂代謝指標(biāo)TC呈負(fù)相關(guān)、與HDL呈正相關(guān)、與甲狀腺代謝指標(biāo)TPO-Ab呈負(fù)相關(guān)。血清Vit D水平可能間接地通過(guò)調(diào)控不孕女性的脂代謝及甲狀腺代謝影響其生育能力。
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[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯:于學(xué)文]
[中文編輯:王 懿;英文編輯:楊 寅]
[收稿日期]2024-02-18
[基金項(xiàng)目]陜西省自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃(JQ8068)
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]周 妮(1987—),女,主管技師,碩士,主要從事生殖醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室技術(shù)工作。
[通訊作者]鄔晉芳,主任醫(yī)師。