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環境因子和蘋果品種對Alternariamali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響

2025-04-02 00:00:00陳星旭鐘小剛賈許麗徐秉良張樹武
果樹學報 2025年3期

摘" " 要:【目的】明確不同環境因子(溫度、相對濕度、光照)和蘋果品種對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響。【方法】采用噴霧接種法評價不同環境因子和蘋果品種對A. mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響。【結果】不同溫度、相對濕度和光照條件對A. mali強弱毒菌株致病活性均產生了不同程度的影響,整體程度上強毒菌株的潛育期短于弱毒菌株,發病程度高于弱毒菌株。在不同溫度條件下,當溫度為30 ℃時,A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期均最短,分別為54 h和72 h;A. mali強毒菌株在溫度為25 ℃時致病活性最強,病情指數為23.06,而弱毒菌株在30 ℃時致病活性最強,病情指數為17.53,但是當溫度為15 ℃時,A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期最長,均大于100 h,并在此溫度下葉片發病最輕,其病情指數分別為5.86和8.42。在不同濕度條件下,當相對濕度為60%時,A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期均最長,為120 h,并且在此濕度條件下葉片的發病程度最輕,病情指數分別為10.88和9.42,而當相對濕度達到100%時,強弱毒菌株潛育期最短,均為72 h。在不同光照條件下,A. mali強弱毒菌株均在光暗交替、紫外照射+持續光照條件下潛育期最短,其中強毒菌株在光暗交替、紫外照射+持續光照條件下潛育期均為60 h,而弱毒菌株在此條件下均為72 h,但是在光暗交替條件下,強毒菌株病情指數最高,為22.59,而在紫外照射+持續光照下,弱毒菌株病情指數最高,為21.24。此外,A. mali強弱毒菌株對不同蘋果品種的致病活性存在顯著差異,其中強弱毒菌株對富士和新紅星品種致病性較弱,而對金冠致病性最強。【結論】不同環境因子和蘋果品種對A. mali強弱毒菌株致病活性具有顯著影響,研究結果可為蘋果早期落葉病科學防治提供理論依據。

關鍵詞:蘋果葉斑病;Alternaria mali;強弱毒菌株;潛育期;致病性

中圖分類號:S661.1;S436.611 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)03-0643-08

Effect of environmental factors and apple varieties on the pathogenic activity of virulent and attenuated Alternaria mali strains

CHEN Xingxu, ZHONG Xiaogang, JIA Xuli, XU Bingliang, ZHANG Shuwu*

(College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biological Control Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 The apple early leaf blight disease is one of the major diseases caused by the pathogen of Alternaria mali, which has widely distributed in the main apple-producing regions worldwide and posed a serious threat to both the yield and quality of apple. This disease is caused by A. mali strains with varying degrees of virulence. Virulent A. mali strain leads to spot leaf blight disease, which affects leaves and younger shoots, influencing the growth of flower buds and fruit. Attenuated A. mali strain causes the target spot disease, which mainly affects the leaves and results in large lesions on the fruit. Environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, play the significant role in impacting the disease occurrence. The aims for the present study were to clarify the effects of different environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity and light conditions) and apple cultivars on the latent period and pathogenicity of both virulent and attenuated A. mali strains. 【Methods】 In this study, the spray inoculation method was used to evaluate the effects of different environmental factors and apple varieties on the pathogenic activity of virulent and attenuated strains of A. mali. Healthy apple branches with consistent growth and diameter were collected and placed into sterile flasks containing sterile water, with five branches per flask. The virulent and attenuated strains of A. mali were inoculated by spraying spore suspensions (1×105 conidia·mL-1) onto the front and back of leaves growing on the branches, with sterile water as the control. In the temperature experiment, the treatment and control groups were cultured with a relative humidity of 90% and at temperatures of 15 ℃, 20 ℃, 25 ℃, 30 ℃ and 35 ℃ (16 h light/8 h dark), with three repetitions for each group. In the humidity experiment, the inoculated branches were cultured at 25 ℃ under 16 h light/8 h dark conditions, and the relative humidity was adjusted by modifying the concentration of H2SO4 to 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. In the light condition experiment, the inoculated branches were placed at 25 ℃ and 90% humidity and exposed to various light treatments: continuous light, continuous darkness, 12 h light/12 h dark cycles, 3 h UV irradiation and 21 h light. In the variety experiment, branches of Starkrimson, Fuji and Golden Delicious were placed in sterile water, and the A. mali spore suspension was sprayed onto the leaves, with three repetitions for each variety, and the branches were cultured at 25 ℃ with 90% humidity under 16 h light/8 h dark conditions. After inoculation, the incubation period was observed every 6 hours and the disease index were recorded after 7 days. 【Results】 Different temperatures, relative humidity and light conditions all exerted varying degrees of influence on the pathogenic activity of virulent and attenuated strains of A. mali, with the virulent strain exhibiting a significantly shorter incubation period and higher disease severity than the attenuated strain averagely. Under different temperature conditions, at 30 ℃, both the virulent and attenuated strains of A. mali had the shortest incubation periods, being 54 h and 72 h, respectively. Within the temperature range from 20 ℃ to 30 ℃, disease severity was more pronounced after inoculation, with the virulent strain showing the highest pathogenic activity at 25 ℃, where the disease index reached 23.06 and the attenuated strain showing the highest activity at 30 ℃, with a disease index of 17.53. However, at 15 ℃, the incubation period was the longest for both strains, exceeding 100 h and the disease severity on the leaves was the slightest, with disease index of 5.86 and 8.42, respectively. Under different humidity conditions, with 60% relative humidity, the incubation period for both strains was the longest, 120 h, while at 100% relative humidity, the incubation period was the shortest, only 72 h. Additionally, with 60% relative humidity, the disease index for both strains were the lowest, being 10.88 and 9.42, respectively, while with 90% relative humidity, the disease index were the highest, being 19.01 and 12.50. Under different light conditions, both strains had the shortest incubation periods under alternating light/dark cycles, UV irradiation and continuous light. The virulent strain had a 60 h incubation period under these conditions, while the attenuated strain had a 72 h incubation period. However, under alternating light/dark cycles, the virulent strain had the highest disease index of 22.59, while under UV irradiation and continuous light conditions, the attenuated strain had the highest disease index of 21.24. Moreover, significant differences were observed in the pathogenic activity of the virulent and attenuated strains among different apple varieties. The pathogenicity of both strains on Fuji was generally lower than that on Starkrimson and Golden Delicious, with disease index of 14.13 and 8.30, respectively. Compared to the virulent and attenuated strain pathogenicity on Starkrimson, their pathogenicity on Golden Delicious was stronger, with the highest disease index being 16.82 and 22.09, respectively. The disease resistance evaluations showed that Fuji exhibited moderate resistance to the attenuated strain of A. mali and resistance to the virulent strain, while Starkrimson and Golden Delicious both displayed resistance to both strains. 【Conclusion】 Different temperatures, relative humidity, light conditions and apple cultivars had varying degrees of influence on the incubation period and pathogenicity of virulent and attenuated strains of A. mali. It was found that when the temperature was between 25-30 ℃, relative humidity was 90%-100% and the light conditions included alternation of light and darkness, UV irradiation and continuous light, the incubation period of A. mali virulent and attenuated strains on Starkrimson was shorter, and pathogenicity was stronger. Additionally, Fuji showed better disease resistance to these strains. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational control of apple early leaf blight disease.

Key words: Apple leaf spot; Alternaria mali; Virulent and attenuated strains; Incubation period; Pathogenicity

蘋果(Malus pumila Mill.)為薔薇科(Rosaceae)蘋果屬(Malus)落葉喬木,因其果實具有營養價值高、耐貯性好和供應周期長等特點,已成為農民增收致富的支柱產業之一[1]。然而,蘋果早期落葉病在國內蘋果主產區廣泛發生,給蘋果產業高質量發展帶來了挑戰[2-3]。該病害發生后常導致蘋果樹提早大量落葉,嚴重削弱樹勢,發生嚴重情況下造成當年或翌年果實品質及產量下降[4]。相關研究表明,蘋果早期落葉病種類主要包括蘋果褐斑病、斑點落葉病、輪斑病、圓斑病、灰斑病和炭疽葉枯病等,并且不同區域的優勢病害種類不同,其中蘋果褐斑病和蘋果斑點落葉病較為常見[5-7]。鏈格孢菌(Alternaria spp.)是引起多種蘋果早期落葉病的重要病原之一[8]。Harteveld等[9]在澳大利亞發現引起蘋果鏈格孢葉斑病和果斑病的主要病原為A. longipes、A. arborescens、A. alternata/A. tenuissima和A. tenuissima/A. mali,且同一物種內分離株在致病性和毒力方面表現出顯著變異和交叉致病性;Toome-Heller等[10]首次在新西蘭發現蘋果鏈格孢復合種(A. arborescens)可引起蘋果葉斑病且出現褐斑病癥狀。何勁等[11]研究發現,貴州地區蘋果早期落葉病種類主要有蘋果輪斑病和斑點落葉病,其病原分別為A. mali和A. alternata,其中,由交鏈格孢(A. alternata)引起的蘋果斑點落葉病是蘋果生產中危害嚴重的病害之一,在全球蘋果主產區均有發生[12]。然而,也有相關研究發現,蘋果斑點落葉病和蘋果輪斑病可由A. mali的不同毒力菌株引起[13-15],其中A. mali弱毒菌株引起的蘋果輪斑病主要危害葉片,也可危害果實且病斑較大,該病害流行時植株發病率可達100%[16],而A. mali強毒菌株主要危害蘋果葉片和嫩枝,可引起蘋果斑點落葉病,發生后影響花芽形成和果實正常生長[17],導致葉部出現褐色病斑和樹勢衰弱,病害流行時引起70%蘋果樹葉片早期脫落[18]。

邵旭平等[19]將引起甘肅省蘋果斑點落葉病的病原鑒定為A. mali的強毒菌株,蘋果輪斑病的病原鑒定為A. mali的弱毒菌株,并發現A. mali強弱毒菌株間具有交叉保護作用,可有效降低病害的發生。同時,蘋果斑點落葉病的發生和蔓延與環境因素密切相關,特別是溫度和濕度可以通過影響蘋果斑點落葉病菌(A. mali)孢子的萌發來調控病菌的生長,在30 ℃和100%相對濕度下,孢子萌發率最高,而在極端溫濕度條件下,萌發率顯著下降[20]。此外,另有研究發現在9種不同溫度(4~36 ℃)和8種保濕時間(2~48 h)的組合條件下,A. mali均能侵染蘋果幼苗,且隨著保濕持續時間的延長,病害發生的程度顯著加劇[21]。但是,目前有關A. mali強弱毒菌株在不同環境因素下的侵染規律、發病條件及蘋果品種對其抗性方面缺乏全面系統的研究。鑒于此,筆者以課題組前期分離鑒定的A. mali強弱毒菌株作為供試菌株,采用離體葉片接種測定不同環境因子(溫度、相對濕度和光照)和不同蘋果品種對A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期及致病力強弱的影響,以期為蘋果早期落葉病的防控提供理論支撐。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

1.1.1" " 供試菌株及其孢子懸浮液制備" " 供試A. mali強弱毒菌株均保存于甘肅農業大學植物保護學院植物病毒學與分子生物學實驗室。參考Harimoto等[22]的方法配制濃度為1×105個·mL-1的A. mali強弱毒菌株孢子懸浮液,備用。

1.1.2" " 供試蘋果品種" " 供試蘋果品種分別為新紅星、富士和金冠。選擇長勢和粗細一致的健康蘋果枝條作為室內離體接種試材,均采集自蘭州市七里河區蘋果種植基地,樹齡為18~21 a(年)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1" " 不同溫度對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響" " 將采集的長勢和粗細一致的新紅星健康蘋果枝條置于裝有無菌水的無菌三角瓶內,每瓶5枝,采用噴施接種法將A. mali強弱毒菌株孢子懸浮液(1×105個·mL-1)分別接種于供試枝條葉片的正面和反面,并以接種等體積無菌水作為對照。隨后,將各處理和對照分別置于塑料罩內以保持濕度(相對濕度90%),并分別置于15、20、25、30和35 ℃的人工氣候箱(16 h光照/8 h黑暗)內培養,并待接種后每隔培養6 h觀察和記錄潛育期。同時,待接種7 d后,統計葉片病情指數。試驗過程中不同溫度處理下,每個處理和對照均重復3次。

參照崔琳霞等[23]和王程亮等[24]分級標準進行分級。具體分級如下:0級,葉片上未觀察到斑點;1級,斑點覆蓋面積占葉片總面積比例小于10%;3級,斑點覆蓋面積占葉片總面積比例為11%~25%;5級,斑點覆蓋面積占葉片總面積比例為26%~40%;7級,斑點覆蓋面積占葉片總面積比例為41%~65%;9級,斑點覆蓋面積占葉片總面積比例大于66%。

[病情指數=(病級葉片數×病級代表值)調查總葉數×9×100]。

1.2.2" " 不同相對濕度對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響" " 將按上述接種方法處理后的枝條分別置于干燥器中,利用不同濃度的H2SO4調整并設置相對濕度分別為60%、70%、80%、90%和100%。然后,置于溫度為25 ℃和光照條件為16 h光照/8 h黑暗的培養箱中培養,并待接種后每隔培養6 h觀察和記錄潛育期。待接種7 d后,統計葉片病情指數。試驗每個處理和對照均設置3個重復。

1.2.3 不同光照條件對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響 將經上述接種處理后的枝條分別置于不同光照[持續光照(24 h·d-1)、持續黑暗(24 h·d-1)、光照與黑暗交替(12 h光照/12 h黑暗)、紫外照射3 h和光照處理21 h]、溫度為25 ℃和相對濕度為90%條件下培養,并待接種后每隔培養6 h觀察和記錄潛育期。待接種7 d后,統計和計算葉片的病情指數。試驗每個處理和對照均設置3個重復。

1.2.4 不同品種對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響 將采集的長勢和粗細一致的健康新紅星、富士及金冠3個品種枝條分別置于裝有無菌水的無菌三角瓶內,每瓶5枝。然后,采用噴施接種法將A. mali強弱毒菌株孢子懸浮液(1×105個·mL-1)分別接種于不同品種供試枝條葉片的正反面,并以接種等體積無菌水作為對照,每個處理和對照均設置3次重復。然后,將其放置在溫度為25 ℃、相對濕度為90%、光照條件為16 h光照/8 h黑暗的環境中培養。待接種后每隔培養6 h觀察和記錄潛育期,并待接種7 d后,統計葉片病情指數。同時,參照王昆等[25]抗病性評價標準對不同品種進行抗病性評價。病情指數(DI)≤5,高抗;5<DI≤10,中抗;10<DI≤30,抗病;30<DI≤50,感病;DI>50,高感。

2 結果與分析

2.1 不同溫度對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響

不同溫度對A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期和病情指數均具有不同程度的影響。隨著溫度升高,A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期呈先降低(15~30 ℃)后升高(30~35 ℃)的變化趨勢(圖1-A),而病情指數表現出先升高后降低的變化趨勢(圖1-B)。在不同溫度條件下,A. mali弱毒菌株的葉片潛育期始終較A. mali強毒菌株長,當溫度條件為30 ℃時,A. mali強弱毒菌株的潛育期均最短,分別為54 h和72 h;在溫度為20~30 ℃范圍時,A. mali強弱毒菌株接種葉片后,發病程度較為嚴重,其中接種強弱毒菌株后,A. mali強毒菌株在溫度為25 ℃時致病活性最強,病情指數為23.06,而弱毒菌株在30 ℃時致病活性最強,病情指數為17.53。然而,當溫度為15 ℃時,A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期均大于100 h,并在此溫度下接種A. mali強弱毒菌株后,接種A. mali強毒菌株的葉片發病嚴重程度顯著低于接種弱毒菌株的葉片,病情指數分別為5.86和8.42。

2.2 不同相對濕度對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響

由圖2-A可知,與A. mali弱毒菌株相比,A. mali強毒菌株在葉片上的潛育期整體較短,并且隨著相對濕度(60%~100%)的增加,A. mali強毒菌株在葉片上的潛育期呈逐漸變短到趨于穩定的趨勢,而弱毒菌株呈先趨于穩定后逐漸變短的趨勢。當相對濕度為60%時,A. mali強弱毒菌株的潛育期最長,均為120 h,而當相對濕度達到100%時,潛育期均達到最短,為72 h。由圖2-B可知,在不同相對濕度條件下培養7 d后,發現接種A. mali弱毒菌株的葉片發病程度低于A. mali強毒菌株,并且在60%的相對濕度條件下,接種強弱毒菌株后的葉片病情指數均最低,分別為10.88和9.42,而在90%的相對濕度條件下,接種A. mali強弱毒菌株后的葉片病情指數均最高,分別為19.01和12.50。

2.3 不同光照條件對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響

在持續光照、持續黑暗、光暗交替、紫外照射+持續光照條件下,A. mali強毒菌株的潛育期均較A. mali弱毒菌株短,并且在光暗交替、紫外照射和持續光照條件下,強弱毒菌株潛育期較短,其中強毒菌株在光暗交替、紫外照射+持續光照條件下潛育期均為60 h,而弱毒菌株在此條件下均為72 h(圖3-A)。在不同光照條件下培養7 d后,除紫外照射+持續光照條件外,在其他不同光照處理下,A. mali強毒菌株接種葉片后,葉片的病情指數均高于弱毒菌株,其中A. mali強毒菌株在光暗交替條件下病情指數最高,為22.59,但是在紫外照射+持續光照條件,A. mali弱毒菌株侵染葉片后病情指數最高,為21.24。然而,A. mali強弱毒菌株均在持續黑暗條件下,接種葉片后病情指數最低,分別為13.58和13.33(圖3-B)。

2.4 不同品種對Alternaria mali強弱毒菌株致病活性的影響

不同蘋果品種葉片接種A. mali強弱毒菌株后,A. mali強弱毒菌株在新紅星和金冠品種上的潛育期均顯著低于富士品種,并且強弱毒菌株均在金冠品種上潛育期最短且相同(48 h)(圖4-A)。待接種A. mali強弱毒菌株7 d后,A. mali強弱毒菌株對富士品種的致病力整體低于新紅星和金冠品種,其中在富士品種上的病情指數分別為14.13和8.30。與A. mali強弱毒菌株對新紅星的致病力相比,其對金冠的致病力較強,病情指數最高,分別為16.82和22.09(圖4-B)。不同品種抗病性評價結果表明,富士品種對A. mali弱毒菌株表現為中抗,而對A. mali強毒菌株表現為抗病,但是新紅星和金冠對A. mali強弱毒菌株均表現為抗病。

3 討 論

筆者通過測定不同環境(溫度、相對濕度和光照)對A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期和致病活性的影響,發現在不同的溫度、相對濕度和光照條件下,A. mali強毒菌株的潛育期整體上較A. mali弱毒菌株短,并且強毒菌株接種后的蘋果葉片發病程度整體上高于弱毒菌株。吳桂本等[26]研究表明,膠東地區A. alternata f. sp. mali菌株A1致病性明顯弱于A2。研究表明,A. mali強毒菌株接種印度蘋果品種葉片后,在溫度為25~30 ℃時,其潛育期最短為48 h,病葉率最高為90%[27]。本研究表明,A. mali強弱毒菌株接種新紅星蘋果品種葉片后,在溫度為30 ℃時潛育期最短,且在溫度為20 ~30 ℃范圍時,葉片發病程度較為嚴重,尤其溫度為25 ℃和30 ℃。然而,在溫度為25 ℃、相對濕度為90%條件下,A. mali強毒菌株接種蘋果葉片后,其潛育期最短且病情指數最高,這一結果與胡同樂等[28]關于蘋果斑點落葉病在降雨后,相對濕度為90%且持續10 h以上會導致病原菌大量侵染的研究結果相吻合。此外,與持續光照相比,在12 h光照與12 h黑暗交替、3 h紫外線照射和21 h持續光照條件下,A. mali強弱毒菌株在葉片上的潛育期均顯著縮短,病情指數均達到最高峰,初步發現紫外線照射可增強A. mali弱毒菌株的致病性,進而促進了病斑的形成速度。薛軍等[29]研究表明,蘋果斑點落葉病的發病條件與田間光照時長及紫外線輻射強烈相關,光照時長及紫外線輻射可促使病原菌在葉片上的潛育期縮短,從而促進病害的發生,與本試驗室內條件下的研究結果一致。

呂松等[30]發現在新疆的野生蘋果和引進的西洋蘋果上蘋果斑點落葉病的發病率較高,而在國產蘋果和野生品種中,發病率則顯著降低。本試驗結果表明,A. mali強弱毒菌株在金冠品種上的潛育期最短且致病性最強,與徐秉良[27]研究發現致病力較強的A. mali菌株(蘭州1號)對金冠品種致病活性較強的結果一致。另外,紅星、印度和金冠等蘋果品種在接種A. mali后,其中紅星和印度均為高感品種,金冠為中抗品種[27],而本試驗初步發現富士對A. mali強弱毒菌株分別表現為抗病和中抗,新紅星和金冠對強弱毒菌株均表現為抗病。因此,本試驗明確了不同環境因子和蘋果品種對A. mali強弱毒菌株致病活性具有顯著影響,而有關不同環境因子和蘋果品種對A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期和致病性影響的機制還有待進一步深入研究。

4 結 論

不同溫度、相對濕度、光照條件及蘋果品種對A. mali強弱毒菌株潛育期和致病性具有不同程度的影響,當溫度為25~30 ℃、相對濕度為90%~100%、光照條件為光暗交替、紫外照射+持續光照時,A. mali強弱毒菌株在新紅星品種上的潛育期較短,致病性較強。富士蘋果對A. mali強弱毒菌株均具有較強抗病性,分別表現為抗病和中抗。

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