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散文與散文家

2005-01-01 00:00:00E.B.White趙秀明
世界文化 2005年6期

散文家是一種自我解脫者,仰仗一種幼稚的信念,總認為自己的所思所見,都會打動每一個人。散文家還是一種癡迷于自己事業的人,就象有人鐘情溜鳥一般。每一次新的游覽,每一次新的“嘗試”,都是前所未有的,它為散文家帶來一片全新的天空,使他感到快慰。只有生來以自我為中心的人才敢膽大妄為、持之以恒地去創作散文。

散文形式多樣,猶如人的姿態,韻味豐贍,恰似霍華德·約翰遜銷售的冰淇淋。散文家清晨起來,第一件要做的事,就是從他那眼花繚亂的衣服中挑選出他所要的外衣:他可以根據自己所處的心境和所需的主題,自由地選擇,且不論是他是哲學家、罵人者、詼諧士、講述人,還是知音好友、學術權威、吹毛求疵、熱心人士。我熱愛散文,始終不渝,自孩提時代就躍躍欲試,試著將我幼年的思想與稚嫩的經歷形諸筆墨,強加他人。我寫的散文最早變成鉛字,是在《圣尼古拉雜志》上。按當時的想法,我還是傾向于取散文這種形式(或者說是無形式),不過我也清楚,在20世紀的美國文壇上,散文幾乎是毫無地位可言的。散文家必須滿足于自己封贈在頭上的二等公民的桂冠,這是小說家、詩人或劇作家所不曾享有的。一個瞄準諾貝爾獎或是其他榮譽的作家,最好寫小說、詩歌或戲劇,而讓散文家去神游四方,滿足他那自由瀟灑的生活,享受那散漫不羈的種種快慰。

不過散文家也并非無所不為,像坑蒙拐騙之類就為他所不齒。因為那樣一來,他很快就會被識破。德斯蒙德·麥卡錫在渡藤公司1928年出版的《蒙田文集》序言里稱蒙田“天性坦誠”,這是散文家最基本的素質。散文家即或越軌,也有限度;散文形式雖然松散,卻有法則,亦有自己的課題。這些法則和課題會立刻變得明朗,成為一種制約因素,以約束那些僅僅因為自己思緒泛濫,或因心血來潮,甚或胡思亂想而提起涂鴉者。

我想有些人認為散文是利己主義者的最后歸宿,是一種違背他們趣味的扭捏作態、自私自利的形式。他們覺得,一個作家不要自以為是,總以為他那些微不足道的閱歷或是煩瑣細碎的見聞讓讀者感興趣。他們的批評也不無道理。我深知,我生性就自我陶醉,自私自利。將我自己刻畫成這樣,表明我對自我的過分關注,而不太在意他人。我穿過無數件襯衫,也并非所有的都合身。不過在我心灰意懶,悵然若失之際,我便輕輕打開衣櫥的門,在那精彩紛呈的里面,就藏著米歇爾·德·蒙田的披風,還微微地散發出樟腦的氣息呢。

The Essay and the Essayist

The essayist is a self-liberated man, sustained by the childish belief that everything he thinks about, everything that happens to him, is of general interest. He is a fellow who thoroughly enjoys his work, just as people who take bird walks enjoy theirs. Each new excursion of the essayist, each new“attempt”differs from the last and takes him into new country. This delights him. Only a person who is congenitally self-centered has the effrontery and the stamina to write essays.

There are as many kinds of essays as there are human attitudes or poses, as many essay flavors as there are Howard Johnson ice creams. The essayist arises in the morning and, if he has work to do, selects his garb from an unusually extensive wardrobe: he can pull on any sort of shirt, be any sort of person, according to his mood or his subject matter-philosopher, scold, jester, raconteur, confident, pundit, devil's advocate, enthusiast. I like the essay, have always liked it, and even as a child at work, attempting to inflict my young thoughts and experiences on others by putting them on paper. I early broke into print in the pages of St. Nicholas. I tend still to fall back on the essay form(or lack of form)when an idea strikes me, but I am not fooled about the place of the essay in twentieth-century American letters-it stands a short distance down the line. The essayist, unlike the novelist, the poet, and the playwright, must be content in his self-imposed role of second-class citizen. A writer who has his sights trained on the Nobel Prize or other earthly triumphs had best write a novel, a poem, or a play, and leave the essayist to ramble about, content with living a free life and enjoying the satisfactions of somewhat undisciplined existence.

This is one thing the essayist do, though-he cannot indulge himself in deceit or in concealment, for he will be found out in no time. Desmond MacCarthy, in his introductory remarks to the 1928 E.P.Dutton & company edition of Montaigne, observes that Moutaign“had the gift of natural candor”. It is the basic ingredient. And even the essayist's escape from discipline is only a partial escape: the essay, although a relaxed form, imposes its own disciplines, raises its own problems, and these disciplines and problems soon become apparent and act as a deterrent to anyone wielding a pen merely because he entertain random thoughts or is in a happy or wandering mood.

I think some people find the essay the last resort of the egoist, a much too self-conscious and self-serving form for their taste; they feel that it is presumptuous of a writer to assume that his little excursion or his small observations will interest the reader. There is some justice in their complaint. I have always been aware that I am by nature self-absorbed and egoistical; to write of myself to the extent I have done indicates a too great attention to my own life, not enough to the lives of others. I have worn many shirts, and not all of them have been a good fit. But when I am discouraged or downcast I need only fling open the door of my closet, and there, hidden behind everything else, hangs the mantle of Michel de Montaigne, smelling slightly of camphor.

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