博物館之島：岱山

浮現(xiàn)在浩瀚煙波中的岱山島，是東海的一顆明珠，島上物產(chǎn)豐富，風(fēng)光旖旎，一直受到人們的青睞。近年來(lái)，又由于這個(gè)島十分重視弘揚(yáng)海洋文化，建立了一個(gè)個(gè)獨(dú)特的海洋博物館，因而更引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外新聞媒體的關(guān)注。許多海內(nèi)外媒體都將岱山的海洋博物館作為新聞中的一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)，中央電視臺(tái)、鳳凰衛(wèi)視、人民日?qǐng)?bào)、新華網(wǎng)、香港文匯報(bào)、香港大公報(bào)等對(duì)岱山海洋博物館的報(bào)道總量已達(dá)數(shù)百篇之多，其中浙江衛(wèi)視在“浙江告訴你”海外欄目，以“感受海洋博物館”為主題，對(duì)岱山海洋文化進(jìn)行深度報(bào)道，鳳凰衛(wèi)視北美臺(tái)、鳳凰衛(wèi)視歐洲臺(tái)、澳大利亞悉尼中文臺(tái)、新西蘭金水滴電視臺(tái)、法國(guó)5臺(tái)、美國(guó)斯克拉衛(wèi)星電視網(wǎng)、加拿大城市電視臺(tái)等七家海外電視機(jī)構(gòu)也在黃金時(shí)段播出有關(guān)浙江岱山海洋博物館的節(jié)目，引起轟動(dòng)。

岱山已經(jīng)建成和正在籌建的博物館已達(dá)10座之多，且創(chuàng)意獨(dú)到，填補(bǔ)了中國(guó)博物館文化的系列空白。

中國(guó)臺(tái)風(fēng)博物館

中國(guó)臺(tái)風(fēng)博物館坐落在岱山燕窩景區(qū)拷門(mén)大壩北端，是一座海船形的白色建筑。進(jìn)了大門(mén)，便見(jiàn)7個(gè)名叫沙漏、尖頂草帽、圓球、T字形、筐子、正方體、十字架的竹編器具掛在竹竿上，這是“暴風(fēng)警報(bào)風(fēng)球”。大廳里巨大的臺(tái)風(fēng)衛(wèi)星云圖中，可見(jiàn)黑洞似的臺(tái)風(fēng)眼，在觀臺(tái)廳則可見(jiàn)玻璃外面大海的驚濤駭浪。這座博物館除了已陳列的650余幅圖片資料和57件實(shí)物外，還配置了一套先進(jìn)的全自動(dòng)海洋環(huán)境遠(yuǎn)程觀測(cè)傳輸系統(tǒng)，為全省有效指揮防臺(tái)抗臺(tái)工作提供可靠數(shù)據(jù)。

眼下臺(tái)風(fēng)博物館二期4D動(dòng)感影院項(xiàng)目已初具規(guī)模，它將整合各種高科技手段，藝術(shù)化地打造4D動(dòng)感影院和仿真模擬系統(tǒng)，以參與性、互動(dòng)性手法，讓游客身臨其境地感受、體驗(yàn)臺(tái)風(fēng)的兇、險(xiǎn)、奇，同時(shí)推出觀浪游項(xiàng)目。

在臺(tái)風(fēng)博物館的基礎(chǔ)上，這座館還將建造一個(gè)總面積達(dá)3000畝、以“臺(tái)風(fēng)”為核心的風(fēng)文化樂(lè)園，凸現(xiàn)風(fēng)科學(xué)、風(fēng)文化、風(fēng)娛樂(lè)、風(fēng)景觀，形成風(fēng)休閑，發(fā)展風(fēng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。規(guī)劃經(jīng)過(guò)3年至5年，初步建成國(guó)內(nèi)一流、國(guó)際領(lǐng)先的災(zāi)難體驗(yàn)性海洋文化休閑旅游勝地，這也是岱山縣開(kāi)全國(guó)災(zāi)難旅游之先河的一個(gè)創(chuàng)舉。

中國(guó)海洋漁業(yè)博物館

中國(guó)海洋漁業(yè)博物館由一座四合院民居古宅按照原貌修繕而成，占地1200平方米，展廳面積900平方米。館內(nèi)設(shè)漁史室、船模室、網(wǎng)具室、魚(yú)類標(biāo)本室及漁俗風(fēng)情室等，融歷史、漁業(yè)、文化、旅游于一體，充分展示了岱山漁民原汁原味的漁文化風(fēng)貌。

這家博物館展廳的陳列突出以海洋捕撈為主題，展示了舟山海洋漁業(yè)百余年來(lái)發(fā)展史，它運(yùn)用海洋生物剝制標(biāo)本，陳列了大型生物骼骨、魚(yú)類浸制標(biāo)本以及各種類貝、藻類等海洋生物，編織出五彩繽紛的海洋世界；運(yùn)用船具、船模、漁網(wǎng)等實(shí)物，展示舟山海洋漁業(yè)史及近代漁業(yè)捕撈知識(shí)；此外，還陳列漁行的水票、賬簿、木秤等工具及漁商、漁民生活用品等，讓觀眾充分了解漁民生活的變化。在魚(yú)類標(biāo)本室陳列的一條長(zhǎng)達(dá)5.3米的須鯨下頜骨，可以推測(cè)這條須鯨體長(zhǎng)達(dá)25米以上；還有一條長(zhǎng)3米、寬0.29米的帶魚(yú)標(biāo)本，也是令人稱奇；貝殼室是個(gè)五光十色的世界：形態(tài)奇特、色彩艷麗的世界四大名螺唐冠螺、萬(wàn)寶螺、大法螺、鸚鵡螺齊集于一室，那長(zhǎng)達(dá)96厘米的蛇螺和巨大的硨磲，讓人目不暇接，嘖嘖稱奇！

中國(guó)島礁博物館

岱山共有404個(gè)島嶼和126個(gè)海礁，是全國(guó)島礁最多、最集中的海島縣。為了保護(hù)無(wú)居民海島及其海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，重點(diǎn)保護(hù)原生態(tài)島礁、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值較大的海洋漁業(yè)資源、海灘巖、野生河麂、野生柃木、自然景觀與歷史遺跡等，岱山縣啟動(dòng)了東部島礁海洋特別保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)工程，其中就包括建設(shè)“中國(guó)島礁博物館”。

東部島礁海洋特別保護(hù)區(qū)總面積為420平方公里，在這個(gè)保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)，共有面積大于500平方米的大小島嶼134個(gè)、海礁69個(gè)。根據(jù)規(guī)劃布局，岱山東部島礁海洋特別保護(hù)區(qū)分為10個(gè)功能區(qū)，除了“中國(guó)島礁博物館”外，還有“海洋生態(tài)及島礁資源保護(hù)區(qū)”、“岱衢洋漁業(yè)資源增殖保護(hù)區(qū)”、“小沙河海灘巖自然保護(hù)區(qū)”、“珍稀與瀕危動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)”、“大長(zhǎng)涂海洋生態(tài)漁業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)”、“海島生態(tài)旅游景觀區(qū)”、“海上休閑漁業(yè)區(qū)”、“漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地功能區(qū)”、“海島生態(tài)農(nóng)牧基地功能區(qū)”。

中國(guó)島礁博物館的建設(shè)理念、經(jīng)營(yíng)特色與岱山縣其他已建或規(guī)劃建設(shè)的海洋博物館不同，它將整個(gè)海洋特別保護(hù)區(qū)廣闊海域作為中國(guó)島礁博物館的天然舞臺(tái)，建成一個(gè)開(kāi)放式的露天式的島礁自然博物館。博物館利用岱山東部島礁區(qū)內(nèi)類型各異的海島、海礁以及豐富多彩的海島海洋資源進(jìn)行適當(dāng)分類和整合，開(kāi)發(fā)游艇觀光、海上垂釣、荒島探險(xiǎn)、海上娛樂(lè)等項(xiàng)目，將海上觀光、海島保護(hù)與海洋科普有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)，獲得了良好的社會(huì)效益、生態(tài)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

中國(guó)鹽業(yè)博物館

去年7月開(kāi)館的中國(guó)鹽業(yè)博物館，坐落在岱山縣岱西萬(wàn)畝鹽場(chǎng)上。它以鹽田為依托，以“貢鹽”之鄉(xiāng)為文化背景，將鹽業(yè)博物館的外形建得像鹽的結(jié)晶狀似的。在博物館前，立著宋代著名詞人柳永的塑像，因?yàn)樗诋?dāng)時(shí)曾寫(xiě)了一首著名的《煮海歌》：“煮漁之民何所營(yíng)，婦無(wú)蠶織夫無(wú)耕，衣食之源太寥落，牢盆煮就汝輸征……”。展廳里陳列著從“煎煮”、“板曬”、“灘曬”工藝演變過(guò)程中的各種鹽業(yè)工具和圖片、實(shí)物，并展示鹽史中最有代表性的快速制鹽場(chǎng)景，以讓參觀者能自己操作、親身經(jīng)歷曬鹽的全過(guò)程。

這里還可以觀看用鹽雕琢成的活潑可愛(ài)的各種動(dòng)物、各種童話人物和卡通人物以及傳統(tǒng)的十二生肖等，神態(tài)逼真，惟妙惟肖。觀眾經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)打聽(tīng)，才知道鹽雕作品是用機(jī)器將鹽壓縮切塊后再進(jìn)行加工制作的，它在密封干燥的環(huán)境中能保持很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。

中國(guó)燈塔博物館

舟山群島海域燈塔薈萃，燈塔總數(shù)達(dá)10余座，光是岱山境內(nèi)就有3座，為挖掘和發(fā)揚(yáng)燈塔文化資源，岱山縣在博物館系列工程中推出了燈塔博物館建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。

瀕海而建的中國(guó)燈塔博物館位于岱山縣城竹嶼新區(qū)，這是迄今為止國(guó)內(nèi)第一個(gè)以燈塔為主題的旅游景區(qū)。館內(nèi)燈塔以世界著名古燈塔為依據(jù)，仿建了法國(guó)的阿姆德燈塔、德國(guó)的佩爾沃姆燈塔、加拿大的卡夫燈塔、挪威的考弗特斯燈塔、南非的羅本燈塔及烏拉圭的克羅尼爾燈塔、美國(guó)的波特蘭燈塔等，在面積為600平方米的陳列展館內(nèi)，還陳列了近300件講解圖板，游客可以在這里了解燈塔的演變發(fā)展史，閱讀一座座著名燈塔的軼聞趣事。

整個(gè)燈塔博物館計(jì)劃分三期建設(shè)，總占地面積達(dá)3.8平方公里，這個(gè)館竣工后將建成28座世界著名燈塔，并在館區(qū)配套酒吧、賓館、餐飲等服務(wù)娛樂(lè)設(shè)施，以打造國(guó)內(nèi)一流的燈塔文化觀光度假勝地。

中國(guó)海防博物館

海防博物館位于岱山本島黃嘴頭東南面沿海地帶，這里地勢(shì)險(xiǎn)峻，依山沿海而建的海防博物館，掩映在茂密的叢林中。博物館面積為46280平方米，整個(gè)館區(qū)建有中心展覽區(qū)、邊緣展覽區(qū)、隧道展覽區(qū)、休閑旅游區(qū)等四大區(qū)域。

中心展覽區(qū)主館主要通過(guò)600余幅圖片和一些模型，展示近代、現(xiàn)代我國(guó)的海防史，特別是舟山的海防歷史。在這里你不僅可以了解到海防知識(shí)，還可以看到鄭成功的戰(zhàn)船、參加甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的定遠(yuǎn)艦、致遠(yuǎn)艦以及中山艦、重慶艦等近代海防史上的著名軍艦?zāi)Ｐ停梢杂H手觸摸來(lái)自這些戰(zhàn)艦上的古老天文鐘、船燈、船鐘等25件實(shí)物。

邊緣展覽區(qū)展出的是一架殲五戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)、高炮和高射機(jī)槍等一些重型武器；隧道展覽區(qū)展出的是航空母艦、驅(qū)逐艦、巡洋艦、護(hù)衛(wèi)艦、登陸艇、潛水艇等24艘中外著名戰(zhàn)艦的模型；休閑旅游區(qū)配備了嘹望哨、坑道探險(xiǎn)區(qū)和戰(zhàn)地野餐區(qū)等項(xiàng)目設(shè)施。

博物館所在地的黃嘴頭，歷來(lái)為我國(guó)東部沿海地區(qū)重要的海防關(guān)口，曾經(jīng)駐守過(guò)的軍隊(duì)在此留下了營(yíng)房、戰(zhàn)壕、坑道、碉堡、彈藥庫(kù)等。海防博物館就是利用這些原有的兵營(yíng)建筑重新修擴(kuò)建成。根據(jù)規(guī)劃，二期工程將開(kāi)發(fā)多種參與模擬性項(xiàng)目，在軍艦上將設(shè)置虛擬射擊場(chǎng)以及搶灘登陸戰(zhàn)等項(xiàng)目；在室外開(kāi)辟搶占島嶼、叢林野戰(zhàn)營(yíng)等項(xiàng)目；在隧道展覽區(qū)開(kāi)發(fā)隧洞戰(zhàn)等。全部建成后的海防博物館將是一座集軍事、歷史、文化、游樂(lè)為一體的多元化現(xiàn)代文化場(chǎng)所，也是一座具有愛(ài)國(guó)主義教育和國(guó)防教育功能的場(chǎng)所。

Daishan:

Island of Museums

By Zhao Hongze

Daishan， known as a bright pearl in the East China Sea for its picturesque scenery and rich resources， now has turned itself into a dreamland of museums over the past few years while reorienting itself for further cultural progress. News media both at home and overseas have covered the museums in Daishan. At present， the island county has altogether 10 museums either completed or on the drawing board. The following is a brief introduction to some of the museums.

The China Typhoon Museum

Located at the north end of the Kaomen Dam， the white building resembles an ocean-going ship. The museum has 650 pictures and 57 exhibits on display， including large-sized satellite images of clouds from which visitors can see the black eye of a typhoon. The museum is equipped with an automatic system for supervising the ocean weather changes and transmitting data to the provincial anti-typhoon headquarters. An observation platform allows visitors to see， through the ceiling-floor glass， a panoramic view of the surging sea outside. A 4D cinema， now under construction at the museum， will provide visitors with a highly stimulating experience of a typhoon. The museum also plans to expand itself into a typhoon resort where audience can peep into modern science， enjoy leisure， and witness the nature’s elements at their full play at the closest possible hand.

The China Marine Fishing Museum

The museum sits in a refurbished residential courtyard house whose floor area measures 1，200 square meters. The 900-square-meter exhibition area is divided into specific sections showcasing the fishing history， boat models， fishing nets and tools， fish specimens， and fishermen’s lifestyle， etc.

The specimen section is probably the most eye-catching. A jawbone of a whalebone wale measures 5.3 meters in length. The real wale can be longer than 25 meters. A belt fish specimen measures 3 meters in length and 0.29 meter in width. The section that displays conchs and shells is a world of garish colors， where you can see the Horned Helmet， the Bull’s-mouth Helmet， the Trumpet Triton and the Chambered Nautilus， the world’s best known four major conchs. You wouldn誸 be disappointed if you wish to find out what business tools the fish wholesalers used in the good old times.

The China Islands Reefs Museum

Daishan boasts altogether 404 islands and 126 reefs. To protect the ocean ecology， maintain the original islands and reefs， and safeguard precious resources such as fishery resources， beaches and rocks， Chinese river-deer， common eurya (a kind of rare bush) and historical relics， the local government has started a special island and reef reserve project. The museum is part of the ambitious project. Unlike other museums in Daishan， this museum is not a concrete architectural structure. The ocean is its stage. The museum organizes tours to islands and reefs for visitors to do sightseeing， fishing， taking adventurous trips onto primitive islands as well as other alternative leisure activities.

The China Salt Museum

Open to the general public since July， 2005， the museum is located in a 666-hectare salt field in the western part of Daishan， where salt as a tribute for the royal family was produced in the feudal times. The museum looks like a saline crystalline structure. In front of the museum stands a statue of Liu Yong， a poet of the Song Dynasty who famously described the salt-making process in a poem. In addition to pictures and material objects such as tools and other exhibits， the exhibition halls display the complete process of salt making.Visitors can have a hands-on experience of making salt through a modernized fast salt making process.

Also on display are salt sculptures in zoomorphic animal shapes， fairytale figures， cartoons， and the twelve animals used to calculate ages by Chinese people. The sculptures are all carved on salt blocks which are pressed tight by a machine before artists can sculpt.These sculptures can be kept for a long time under a dry and airproof circumstance.

The China Museum of Lighthouses

Zhoushan Archipelago has more than 10 lighthouses and three are located in Daishan. Situated near the county capital， the museum is the country’s very first one with lighthouses as its theme. In the museum are duplications of the world’s best known lighthouses. Inside the exhibition hall are nearly 300 pictures that showcase lighthouses across the world’s oceans. Visitors can learn the evolution and anecdotes about lighthouses.

With its completion after three phases， the 3.8-square-kilometer museum will have 28 world-famous lighthouses accompanied by a fleet of service facilities. The county aims to turn the museum into a first class leisure resort.

The China Coast Defense Museum

Against the hills and facing the sea， the museum is located at the southeastern part of Daishan Island where you can see a precipitous terrain covered by thick woods. The 46，280-square-meter museum， previously a military barracks， is divided into four major sections: the central and the peripheral exhibition sections， the tunnels section， and the leisure area. The central exhibition section shows over 600 pictures and ship models which relate the country’s modern history of coast defense. In the peripheral exhibition are real material objects such as a jet fighter and antiaircraft artilleries as well as a variety of navy ship models. In the leisure area tourists can explore tunnels and look out on the sea from an observation post， all left over from the past of the military barracks. Museum developers plan to build facilities so as to provide tourists with simulation battle games such as landing from the sea and setting up a beachhead， and battling in jungles.

(Translated by David)