在英語書面表達(dá)中,學(xué)生容易出現(xiàn)的問題是提筆無話可寫或一寫就錯(cuò),有審題不清、用詞不當(dāng)、動詞時(shí)態(tài)與形式不準(zhǔn)確、表達(dá)不規(guī)范等諸多問題。鑒于此,教師在日常教學(xué)中應(yīng)采用多種策略指導(dǎo)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣,注意滲透詞匯、句型及語法等基礎(chǔ)知識教學(xué),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生注意中英文表達(dá)異同,自如地對閱讀材料中的長短句進(jìn)行簡寫和擴(kuò)寫,對課文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行口、筆復(fù)述。注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對各種題材、體裁書面表達(dá)范文的學(xué)習(xí),并通過大量閱讀,拓寬知識面及詞匯量,強(qiáng)化題型針對性訓(xùn)練,嚴(yán)審題明要求、抓要點(diǎn)列提綱、選詞句定時(shí)態(tài)、重組織巧關(guān)聯(lián)、細(xì)檢查改錯(cuò)漏,從多方面提高學(xué)生的英語書面表達(dá)能力。
一、 加強(qiáng)詞、句和語法的教學(xué),注重學(xué)生書面表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)
語法是骨架,詞句是血肉。良好的語法知識和扎實(shí)的字、詞、句是學(xué)生進(jìn)行書面表達(dá)的最基本要素。以語法為線,規(guī)則串聯(lián)詞句(verb-dominated),時(shí)態(tài)正確、語態(tài)正確、詞形變化正確,主謂一致。
1.加強(qiáng)詞句擴(kuò)展訓(xùn)練和一意多種表達(dá)的訓(xùn)練
在平時(shí)的教學(xué)過程中,要加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對一詞多意、一意多種表達(dá)的訓(xùn)練,從而提高他們所表達(dá)出的語句的美感度和準(zhǔn)確度。如:在講stick一詞時(shí),我們可以從以下方面著手訓(xùn)練:
(1)stick with: continue to support; keep in one’s connection with sb./sth.
You just stick with me. I’ll explain everything as we go along.
stick with a friend.
If you stick with it, your performance will gradually get better.
stick to one’s theory/carrying out his plan
stick out your tongue
stick a stamp
get stuck in
(2)雖然/但是
雖然他年老體弱,但他卻能致力于自己的平凡工作崗位。
Although he is old and in bad health, (yet) he can devote himself to his common work.
He is old and in bad health ,but he can devote himself to his common work.
Though he is old and in bad health , he can devote himself to his common work.
He is old and in bad health .He can devote himself to his common work, though.
Though old and in bad health , he can devote himself to his common work.
Old and in bad health as he is, he can devote himself to his common work.
In spite of/Despite his old age and illness, he can devote himself to his common work.
(3)他畢業(yè)兩年了。It is /has been+一段時(shí)間 +since主+did( 短暫性/延續(xù)性動詞 ) sth.
It is 2 years since he was a student.
It is 2 years since he left school.
He has been away from school for 2 years.
He left school two years ago
It was two years ago that he left school.
2.培養(yǎng)使用英語較高級結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)漢語的習(xí)慣
(1)含連接詞的復(fù)合句與現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動詞不定式的互換使用。(2)with+n/pron+done/doing/to do結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。(3)倒裝句各種句型。(4)虛擬語氣。(5)should(not) have done;need(not) have done;must/may/might have done;can’t/couldn’t have done;can/could have done(疑問句);could/would /might/shouldhave done( 虛擬語氣)
二、 重視閱讀訓(xùn)練量,拓寬學(xué)生的知識面及詞匯量
1.理解語言輸入與輸出的關(guān)系
世界著名的外語教學(xué)理論家美國人Stephen Krashen在其1993年出版的教學(xué)理論力作《Power of Reading--I sight from the research》中指出外語學(xué)習(xí)過程中,外語書讀的多的人,其讀寫能力比讀書量少的人強(qiáng);第二語言的閱讀量和語言的習(xí)得之間有肯定的關(guān)系。研究表明,正確指導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀是解決詞匯問題和迅速提高第二語言的有效必由之路。讀書和寫作就好比輸入和輸出,沒有足夠的輸入吸收是不可能有大量的輸出的。在語言學(xué)習(xí)的過程中,輸入是語言習(xí)得的必要條件和關(guān)鍵。只有當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)者接觸到大量的輸入信息后,語言學(xué)習(xí)才有可能有效地發(fā)生。這類語言輸入必須引起學(xué)習(xí)者的興趣,并且達(dá)到足夠的數(shù)量,以便激活學(xué)習(xí)者的語言學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)制。在接觸大量的有效性輸入的基礎(chǔ)上,學(xué)習(xí)者需要模仿和實(shí)踐,需要進(jìn)行必要的語言交流,以便鞏固大腦中加工后的語言信息。
2.閱讀現(xiàn)行教材、各種適用報(bào)刊雜志識記詞匯
這主要包括兩個(gè)方面,一方面是書面或口頭擴(kuò)寫或續(xù)寫某一話題,另一方面是書面或口頭復(fù)述或簡寫閱讀材料。另外,閱讀書面表達(dá)范文。包括中高考或模擬試題范文和優(yōu)秀學(xué)生習(xí)作范文。
三、 加強(qiáng)針對性練習(xí),熟悉各種題材和體裁書面表達(dá)范式
1.題材、體裁歸類訓(xùn)練
體裁方面主要包括記敘文、說明文和應(yīng)用文。題材方面,如環(huán)保、奧運(yùn)、家教、勤工儉學(xué)、高考移民、和諧社會、八榮八恥等方面的練習(xí)。
2.書面表達(dá)五步法
(1)嚴(yán)審題明要求。審題抓四個(gè)字:“內(nèi)容”、“形式”。動筆之前認(rèn)真審題,一定要仔細(xì)閱讀寫作要求和提示,弄清所給的情景的內(nèi)容、格式、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、環(huán)境、人物關(guān)系等,寫什么和怎么寫要有明確思路,以避免文不對題或格式錯(cuò)誤。
(2)抓要點(diǎn)列提綱。根據(jù)格式要求和內(nèi)容提示,分清主次,理順關(guān)系,抓住要點(diǎn),列出簡易英文提綱。
(3)選詞句定時(shí)態(tài)。正確、地道、多樣的英語單詞和句子能夠生動、形象、準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)內(nèi)容。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在譴詞造句上下工夫,盡可能使用比較熟悉的單詞、短語和成語;語法活用,句式多變。注意句型的變換,簡單句、復(fù)合句的交叉使用,以逐步培養(yǎng)較高的寫作水平。同時(shí)要適當(dāng)運(yùn)用寫作技巧,根據(jù)所給的情景確定時(shí)態(tài),句式表達(dá)注意避生就熟、靈活多變。
(4)重組織巧關(guān)聯(lián)。確定格式,選定重點(diǎn)、要點(diǎn)和適當(dāng)詞句后,還要注意謀篇:組織好表達(dá)的層次,分好段落,設(shè)計(jì)好文章的開頭和結(jié)尾。成文時(shí)要注意使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡性詞語。
常見的句子之間的連接方式有:使用代詞指代上一句中的名詞;重復(fù)使用上一句中的詞;使用連接詞;使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)等。如:時(shí)間上的銜接詞有“then、as time goes by、day after day、gradually、finally,with time goes by, when, after, before, as soon as, upon/on doing”等,表因果關(guān)系的有“as a result、because of、thanks to”等。恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用過渡詞可以使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,過渡自然,避免脫節(jié)現(xiàn)象。書面表達(dá)常用的連接詞:表并列補(bǔ)充關(guān)系:what is more/worse, besides, also, as well, and…as well, moreover, furthermore, in addition.表轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系:but, however, yet, instead, on the contrary, although, though, in contrast to, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first…whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand…on the other hand, some…others, the other way around, It is not what it used to be ,different from.表因果關(guān)系:since, as, because (of), for, so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, so/such…that.表?xiàng)l件關(guān)系: if, on the condition (that), as long as, unless, provided that.表舉例說明:for instance, for example, like, such as.表時(shí)間關(guān)系:when, after, before, until,later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning/year/century, now,later, afterward, somewhat later, finally, at last, all of a sudden, as soon as/immediately/directly/presently, on/upon doing.表特定順序關(guān)系:above all, first of all, firstly, first, secondly, the next, finally, in the end, at last, last but not least.表換一種方式表達(dá):in other words, that is to say, to put it another way.表陳述事實(shí)或觀念:in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth/to be honest, generally/personally speaking ,in one’s opinion.表總結(jié):on the whole, in short, all in all, in general, in a word, in conclusion, in closing, in summary.
3.細(xì)檢查,改錯(cuò)漏
注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生認(rèn)真、細(xì)心的寫作習(xí)慣。文章寫好后,要檢查內(nèi)容是否完整,文體是否符合要求;檢查單詞的拼寫及大小寫,短語、句型結(jié)構(gòu)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是否準(zhǔn)確等。 (責(zé)任編輯劉永慶)