摘要:指示代詞“這”、“那”在翻譯中應用極其廣泛,翻譯時指示代詞應用得好不好,直接影響讀者能否很好地理解全文,同時巧妙的利用指示代詞能使譯文更精練、更易懂。
關鍵詞:指示代詞 “這” “那” 翻譯
指示代詞有指稱、區別、替代三種作用。其中指稱是根本,從指稱作用看,指示代詞大致可分為以下五種:指方所的,指人或物的,指時間的,指程度的,指動作方式的。
指示代詞有空間性,可以從以下幾個方面描述。
1. 所指對象與說話人的空間距離,位置方向。
2. 說話人與聽話人的空間位置關系。
3. 所指對象的數量。
其中1,2是根本。1.通常是劃分近指、遠指、更遠指(或中指)的依據,不少語言或方言里,人稱代詞與指示代詞有淵源關系。
一、以下是指示代詞的分類:
在翻譯的時候,也并不是只有暗示性的代詞、介詞、副詞、如:“that”, “this”, “these”,“those”,“such”等才能翻成“這”。“那”譯為“這”,“那” ,同時還要根據上下文進行添加或刪減,而且在翻譯時還要在“這”、“那”后面添加相應的量詞以表示明確的意義。
1.1:強調人
With a book, he was regardless of time.(他這個人,平素只要有本書,就會忘記時間。)(Pride and Prejudice:P13)
1.2:指代物
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(這是一個眾所公認的真理,那就是一個富有的單身漢必定需要位太太。) (Pride and Prejudice:P3)
And he thought it an excellent one, full of eligibility and suitableness and excessively generous and disinterested on his own part.(他認為這真是個獨出心裁的辦法,既順理成章,又來得慷慨豪爽。)(Pride and Prejudice:P79)
1.3:指方所
They returned therefore, in good spirits to Longbown, the village where they lived, and of which they were the principal inhabitants.(因此,母女們興高采烈地回到了朗伯恩,她們就住在這個村子,可謂是村子里的望族。)(Pride and Prejudice:P )
1.4:指時間
Elizabeth Bennet had been obliged, by the scarcity of gentlemen, to sit down for two dances , and during part of that time, Mr Dary had been standing near enough for her to overhear a conversation. (伊麗莎白·貝內特有兩次都沒有跳舞,因為沒有男伴邀請,坐在一邊。就在這期間,達西先生碰巧站在離她不遠的地方,這樣,她便聽到了一些談話。)( Pride and Prejudice:P12)
1.5:指性狀或程度
“Mr Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such way?” (“貝內特先生,你怎么能這樣貶低自己的女兒呢?”)(Pride and Prejudice:P5)
“What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation.” (“你怎么這樣大驚小怪!”)(Pride and Prejudice:P7)But I knew I should persuade you at last, I was sure you loved our girls too well. (我能料到,你會聽我的勸說的,我也相信,你這么愛你的女兒,怎么會放棄這樣的機會呢?)(Pride and Prejudice:P8)
1.6:強調動作方式
“這樣”、“那樣”都可修飾動詞,表示某種方式。如:
I desire you will do no such thing.(Pride and Prejudice:P5)
(我希望你別這樣做。)
But if we do not venture, somebody else will.
(不過如果我們不冒險,別人就會這么做。)(表示某種方式,可以增加“這么”完成句子。)(Pride and Prejudice:P7)
二、在英語句子中有許多“it”翻譯成了“這”。
2.1.But, in my opinion, it is a palty device, a young art.
(但是,我認為這是一種拙劣的手腕,卑鄙的詭計。) (Pride and Prejudice:P45)
2.2.“How so? How can it affect them?”( “這怎么說,這跟他們有什么關系?”)(Pride and Prejudice:P4)
2.3.“It is more than I engage for, I assure you.”(這超出我應該做的,確切的告訴你。)(Pride and Prejudice:P4)
2.4.“But consider your daughters, only think what an establishment it would be for one of them.”
(可是你該考慮考慮你的女兒們才是,只要想象一下這會給你的一個女兒建立起什么樣的幸福。) (Pride and Prejudice:P4)
2.5.Though when the first tumult of joy was over, she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the whole.
(這一陣狂喜之后,她就開始宣布,這正是她所預料之中的事。)(Pride and Prejudice:P8)
三、“this”一般翻譯成“這”。例如:
3.1.1.But I would be satisfied with nothing but go to sea, and my inclination to this les me so strongly against the will, nay the commands of my father, and against all the entreaties and persuasions of my mother and other friends, that there seem’d to be something fatal in propension of nature tending directly to the life of misery which was to befall me.
(但我對一切都沒興趣,只是想航海。這一愿望,不僅使我堅決抵制父親的意愿,甚至違抗父命,也使我對母親和一切親友的央求和規勸充耳不聞;看來這種一意孤行的脾氣實在糟糕透頂,結果就直接釀成了我后來的不幸生活。)(Robinson Crusoe: P1)
3.1.2.I was sincerely affected with this discourse, as indeed who could be otherwise?(這句話深深地感動了我,說句良心話,誰能不被感動呢?)(Robinson Crusoe: P4)
2.但是也有“this”被譯成“那”的。如:
3.21.It happen’d to my farther misfortune, that the weather prov'd hazy for three or four days, while was in this valley; and not being able to see the sun, (更為倒霉的是,我進入那山谷后的三四天里,偏偏碰上云霧彌漫的天氣,連太陽都看不見。)(Robinson Crusoe: P133)
3.一般情況下,“that”被翻譯成“那”。例如:
3.3.1“That is another case”, said he, “it is my calling, and therefore my duty”(他說:“那又是一回事。這是我的行業,也是我的責任。”)(Robinson Crusoe: P15)
3.3.2.That evil influence which carryed me first away from my father’s house,that hurried me into the wild and indigested notion of raising my fortune; and that imprest those conceits so forcibly upon me, as to make me deaf to all good advice, and to the entreaties and even command of my father.
(那股邪惡的力量,曾使我離開父親,促使我外出碰運氣,使我異想天開以致聽不進一切忠告,甚至是我父親的懇求和命令。)(Robinson Crusoe: P17)
4.在很多英文的句子中,that 沒有翻譯成“那”,卻翻成了“這”。
例如:
3.4.1.“Is that his design in settling here?”(他住在這兒就是為了這個打算嗎?)
(Pride and Prejudice:P4)
3.4.2.He has always something to say to everybody.——That is my idea of good breeding. (他對每個人總有什么話說,這就是所謂的良好教養。)(Pride and Prejudice:P49)
3.4.3.But it has been the study of my life to avoid those weakness which often expose a strong understanding to ridicule. (“不過,我一生都在研究如何避免這些弱點,因為即使聰明絕頂的人,也會因為有了這些弱點,而經常招人嘲笑。”)(those是that的復數形式) ( Pride and Prejudice:P65)
3.4.4. That is a failing indeed!(這倒真是個缺點。) (Pride and Prejudice:P66)
3.4.5.“That is all very proper and civil I am sure,”Said Mrs. Bennet.(“我相信這一切都非常得體,合乎禮節。”貝內特說。) (Pride and Prejudice:P76)
3.4.6. And by that means, as I told lady Catherine myself one day, has deprived the British court of its brightest ornament. (正是因為這一點,有一天我親口告訴凱瑟琳夫人,英國王宮就未見過她絢麗的明珠。)(Pride and Prejudice:P )
四、指示代詞代表前面的內容
“Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”
I see no occasion for that. (我看沒那個必要。) (Pride and Prejudice:P4)
這里“那個”指上面所說的話。
But to be candid without ostentation or design ——to take the good of every body’ character and make it still better and say nothing of the bad——belongs to you alone. (可是,坦白得不加任何炫耀,不帶一點算計之心——只講別人的優點,并且加以夸耀,而又知不提別人的缺點,——這只有你才做得到。)(Pride and Prejudice:P16)
還有指示代詞代表后面的內容的。如下例:
“He is just what a young man ought to be,” said she,“ sensible, good humoured, lively. ” (“一個年輕男子就應該是他那個樣子,” 她說, “通情達理,活潑風趣。”) (Pride and Prejudice:P15)
There is a fine old saying, which every body here is of course familiar with,——“keep you breath to cool your porridge”——and I shall keep mine to smell my song.
(有句老話說得好,在場的人當然也都很熟悉這句話,——“留口氣吹涼粥”, 那么我就留口氣唱支歌吧”)(Pride and Prejudice:P27)
五:“這”以說話人所在地為基本點,表示說話人的所在地,而“那”則表示另外一個比較遠的地方。
“Indeed, sir, I have not the least instruction of dancing——I entreat you not to suppose that I moved this way in order to beg for a partner.”
(“爵士,我的確一點也不想跳舞,——你可千萬別以為我是跑到這邊來找舞伴的。)(這里的“這”是表示近指) (Pride and Prejudice:P29)
“You have only proved by this”, cried Elizabeth, “that Mr. Bingley did not do justice to his own disposition. ”
(“你說這番話只不過證明”伊麗·莎白叫道:“伊彬格萊先生沒有由著自己的性子去辦。”)(“這”表示距離現在發生的時間很近) (Pride and Prejudice:P55)
When that business was over, he applied to Miss Bingley and Elizabeth for the indulgence of some music. (雖然此句用的是that 但距離現在時間比較近,因此要翻譯為“這”)(Pride and Prejudice:P57)
(把這件事辦完之后,他就請彬格萊小姐和伊麗莎白賞賜一點音樂聽聽。)
“I’m afraid you do not like your pen, let me mend it for you, I mend pens remarkably well.” (Pride and Prejudice:P53)
(“恐怕你不大喜歡你那只筆,讓我給你修修吧,我修得好極了。”)
在此句中,“那只筆“應該距說話者較遠的位置。
“That is as it happens.”(那要看情況了。)(Pride and Prejudice:P47)
在此句中“那”距離現在說話的時間比較遠。
但是,有時也要根據具體情況,具體分析。例如:
1. 從這到那要走五分鐘。
如果這句話表示從任意一個地方到另一個地方要走五分鐘,那么“這”,“那”并不表示近指與遠指。 如果表示說話人所在地到另外某個地方要走五分鐘,那么,“這”就表示近指,“那”就表示遠指。
2. 我家在這,他家在那。
說話人講這句話,可以一手指東邊,一手指西邊表示兩家所在地,而并非站在自家門口說這話,并非指近指與遠指。
總結:在翻譯的過程中,增譯或是省譯指示代詞時,一定要根據上下文進行推敲,仔細琢磨,有時也要根據人物的語氣或者距離等進行分析判斷。當然“this”、“that”與中文“這” 、“那”比較接近,但也有很多情況與之不對應,我們只有根據上下文認真思考,才能譯得恰到好處。
參考文獻:
[1]儲澤祥,鄧云華.當代語言學.第五卷 北京 2003年第四期.
[2]董育寧.山西教育學報.第三卷,第四期,2002.12.
[3]笛福 .魯濱遜漂流記.英語學習大書蟲研究室譯 伊犁人民出版社.
[4]簡.奧斯汀.傲慢與偏見.英語學習大書蟲研究室譯 伊犁人民出版社.