２００８年高考英語基礎寫作指導（ＶＩＩＩ）

基礎寫作常見錯誤分析

一篇好的基礎寫作應當具備以下三個特點：一是信息點齊全，二是有漂亮的句子，三是不犯語言錯誤。語言錯誤主要有兩大類：詞匯錯誤和句子錯誤。克服語言錯誤，同學們需要在平時學習中仔細觀察，勤于積累，分類歸納，尋找規律。

一、詞匯錯誤

1． 容易拼錯的單詞

有些單詞特別容易拼錯，如a，e，i之間混淆，雙寫遺漏，不發音的e字母忘掉等。下面是同學們容易拼錯的單詞，要多加注意。

2. 容易混淆的單詞

下面這些單詞的拼寫和意思容易混淆，請注意區別。

3． 搭配錯誤

下面是常見的短語，不同的搭配有不同的意思，注意區分。

agree on達成一致；agree to同意做；agree with同意某人說的話（觀點）。

be anxious about擔心；be anxious for盼望得到。

before long不久以后；long before很久以前。

believe sb.相信某人說的話；believe in sb.信任某人。

buy sth. for 5 dollars花5美元買某物；buy sth. for sb.為某人買某物

care about在乎(常用于否定句)；care for關心/喜愛(常用于肯定句)。

carry on進行、堅持下去；carry out執行。

change A for B表示用A換成B；change A into B 表示把A變成B。

in class在課堂上，in the class在班上。

call for 需要、要求；call on 拜訪某人；call at 拜訪某地；call out 大聲喊；call up 打電話。

clear away收拾、整理；clear off撤離；clear up晴朗起來、開朗起來。

come across遇到、想到；come from來自；come down下來、降低。

compare...with...把……與……作比較；compare...to...把……比作……。

cut down減少、降低；cut off切斷、隔開；cut up切碎。

due to因為(形容詞短語，表示原因)；be due to定于某時做某事。

in the end最后；at the end of在……末端；by the end of到……末為止。

be engaged to sb. 與某人訂婚；be engaged in (doing ) sth. 忙于……。

be famous as作為……而出名；be famous for因為……而出名。

in the field在田地中；on the field在場地中。

forget to do sth. 忘記了要做什么；forget doing sth. 忘記了做過什么。

in front of在……的前方；in the front of在……的前部。

get down to從事某事；get hold of抓住；get off下車；get on相處；get rid of擺脫；get up起床。

give away 捐獻；give back 歸還；give off發出氣味（光，熱，聲）；give out分發、發出光（熱，聲）；give up 放棄，give in屈服。

go ahead朝前走； go all out全力以赴；go through通過；go over復習；go up上來；go with伴隨。

by hand手工； hand in hand手拉手；at hand即將到來；hand in上交； hand down傳遞；hand out分發。

hear of聽說；hear from 收到來信（消息）。

join加入一個組織；join in參加一種活動。

keep sb. from doing阻止某人做某事；keep doing不間斷地做某事；keep on doing堅持做某事。

look fine看起來很好；look as if好像；look at看（動作）；look into調查；look through搜查；look down upon看不起；look out當心；look like看起來像；look up查找。

make friends with交朋友；make it成功；make out認出； make sense有意義；make sure確信；make up one’s mind下決心；make up for彌補。

marry的用法：A marry B；got married；marry well；be married to sb. 。

mean to do打算做某事；mean doing意味著。

at the last moment在最后時刻；for the moment此時；for a moment一會兒。

pay back償還；pay for付款；pay off還清。

pick采摘；pick out挑選；pick up撿起、學會、接送。

with pleasure非常愿意；it’s a pleasure和my pleasure不用謝。

prefer的用法：prefer A to B；prefer sb. to do sth. ；prefer to do sth. ...rather than do sth.。

provide的用法：provide sth. for sb.；provide sb. with sth.。

put aside擱置；put away放好；put back放回；put down放下；put forward提出；put off推遲；put on穿上； put up 舉起、張貼；put out撲滅；put up with忍受；put through 接通電話。

result in 導致；result from 由……造成。

as a result結果是；as a result of由于……。

run across遇見；run after追隨；run away逃走； run into遭遇； run out用完。

send off郵寄；send out派遣，發出光（聲）；send for送來。

send sb. to some place派某人去某地；take sb. to some place帶著某人一起去某地。

set up建立；set out（旅行）出發；set off動身；set about著手做；set an example樹榜樣；set fire to放火。

show off炫耀、賣弄；show up到達、出現。

so far迄今為止；so far as...就……而言（所知）；so long as只要；so that...以便；so-so一般；or so大約； and so on等等；so...that... 如此……以至于……。

stand for代表；stand by袖手旁觀。

supply sb. with sth.給某人供應某物；supply sth. to sb. 給某人供應某物。

take up從事、拿起；take on呈現；take off起飛；take back收回；take away拿走。

tell的用法：tell sb. sth. ；tell sb. to do sth.；tell a story；to tell you the truth說實話；tell ... from... 把……與……區分開來。

think of想到；think about思考；think over認真思考（做決定）；think out仔細思考（計劃）；think through通盤考慮；think highly of高度贊揚；think to oneself心里想。

keep in touch保持聯系；get into touch取得聯系；be out of touch失去聯系。

have trouble doing表示做某事有困難；take trouble to do表示不辭辛苦地做某事。

try one’s best to do sth.盡力做某事；try to do sth.試圖做某事；try doing sth. 嘗試做某事；try on試穿。

turn on打開；turn off關閉；turn down拒絕、調低；turn up出現、調高；turn to轉向；turn out結果是。

wait for等候；wait on伺候；wait up稍等一下。

warn 用法：warn sb. about sth.；warn sb. of sth.； warn sb. that...； warn sb. not to do sth.；warn sb. against doing sth.。

by the way順便說；in the way擋路、妨礙；in a way在某種意義上；in this(that)way用這（那）種方式；on the way在路上；make way讓路；make one’s way努力走（做）。

be worth 5 dollars值5美元；be worth doing值得做某事； be worthy to be done值得做某事；be worthy of being done值得做某事。

二、句子錯誤

句子錯誤主要是語法錯誤，如冠詞的誤用、句型錯誤、引導詞不當、前后不一致、重復累贅等。

1． 冠詞錯誤

【誤】My English teacher is young man.（young man是可數名詞，前面要加冠詞）

【正】My English teacher is a young man.

【誤】It’s a great fun. （fun， progress， information， news等都是不可數名詞，前面不能直接用不定冠詞）

【正】It’s great fun.

2． 動詞be誤用

【誤】He is always help others.（help是實義動詞，不是進行時態或被動語態時，前面不用be）

【正】He always helps others.

【誤】He very busy now. (busy是形容詞，當句中沒有動詞時，按漢語理解即使意義完整，也一定要用be之類的系動詞)

【正】He is very busy now.

3． There be結構錯誤

【誤】There were many students went to the cinema yesterday evening.（雙重謂語錯誤）

【正】Many students went to the cinema yesterday evening.

【誤】There is no person live on the moon. （雙重謂語錯誤）

【正】There is no person living on the moon.

【誤】It is no doubt that you will succeed. （除It is no use/good句型外，其它情況都要用There be結構）

【正】There is no doubt that you will succeed.

4． 比較級錯誤

【誤】His face became more redder.（redder已經是比較級形式，不能再用more）

【正】His face became much redder.

【誤】Rose is taller than any student in their class. （any student包括她自己）

【正】Rose is taller than any other student in their class.

【誤】Li Ming’s pronunciation is better than any other student in his class. （比較對象錯誤）

【正】Li Ming’s pronunciation is better than that of any other student in his class.

5． 時態錯誤

【誤】I’ve had a bad headache today and yesterday. （有具體的過去時間狀語的句子要用過去時態）

【正】I’ve had a bad head headache since yesterday.

【誤】He has come back for three days. （短暫動詞不能和一段時間連用）

【正】He has been back for three days.

6． 連接詞錯誤

【誤】It was in Shanghai where I first met her. （強調句）

【正】It was in Shanghai that I first met her.

【誤】We heard the news which our team had won. （同位語從句，不能用which 引導）

【正】We heard the news that our team had won.

【誤】I take back that I said. （that引導名詞性從句時在句中不充當成分，而該句的賓語從句缺少賓語，要用what引導）

【正】I take back what I said.

【誤】The old lady has three sons， two of them are doctors. （中間是逗號，表明前后兩部分不是獨立的句子）

【正】The old lady has three sons， and two of them are doctors.

【正】The old lady has three sons， two of whom are doctors.

【誤】We learn English and maths， Chinese. （多項并列時，在最后一項前面用and）

【正】We learn English， maths and Chinese.

7． 句子結構錯誤

【誤】The box is too heavy for me to lift it. （it是多余的）

【正】The box is too heavy for me to lift.

【誤】The teacher came into the classroom， opening the book and saying “Class begins”. （open和say是在come之后發生的動作，不是同時發生的伴隨動作，不能用-ing形式）

【正】The teacher came into the classroom， opened the book and said “Class begins”.

【誤】In some parts of the forest where you can find large groups of monkeys， which are jumping up and down.（該句沒有主句）

【正】In some parts of the forest you can find large groups of monkeys， which are jumping up and down.

【誤】He made a discovery， which I think it will help us know more about bird flu. （which引導非限制性定語從句，本身在從句中作主語，it多余）

【正】He made a discovery， which I think will help us know more about bird flu.

【誤】I get up at six o’clock . At six thirty go to school. （沒有主語）

【正】I get up at six o’clock. At six thirty I go to school.

8． 標點符號錯誤

【誤】Zhang Ming is not old enough， he cannot go to school.（前后兩句是獨立的句子，不能用逗號）

【正】Zhang Ming is not old enough. He cannot go to school.

【誤】Have you read 《Red Star Over China》?（英文沒有書名號）

【正】Have you read “Red Star Over China”? （或用斜體）

【誤】 “I joined the League in 1995.” He said. （前面的句子是后面句子的直接引語，要用逗號）

【正】 “I joined the League in 1995，” he said.

【誤】I like Chinese、 maths、 history and English。（英文中沒有頓號）

【正】I like Chinese， maths， history and English.

【誤】There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV， radio， newspaper and so on. （for example 后面不是一個完整的句子，不能獨立成句，所以前面不能用句號）

【正】There are many ways to know society， for example， by TV， radio and newspaper.

9． 句子前后不一致

【誤】While having our dinner， the doorbell rang. （the doorbell能吃飯嗎？）

【正】While having our dinner， we heard the doorbell ringing.

【誤】Having been told many times， but he still couldn’t understand it.（but是連詞，需要連接兩個完整的句子，而該句前半部分是分詞短語）

【正】He had been told many times， but he still couldn’t understand it.

【正】Having been told many times， he still couldn’t understand it.

【誤】At the age of ten， my grandfather died. (主語是my grandfather，但不可能10歲就死了)

【正】When I was ten， my grandfather died.

【誤】To do well in college， good grades are essential.（句中to do well in college的邏輯主語應該是學生，而該句的主語是grades，不一致錯誤）

【正】To do well in college， a student needs good grades.

10． 累贅

累贅有時造成語法錯誤，有時雖沒有語法錯誤，但羅唆也是作文的大忌，要學會簡練。

【誤】I liked football and it used to be my most favorite sport. （favorite本身就是“最喜歡”的意思）

【正】I liked football and it used to be my favorite sport.

【誤】The girl who is five years old is smiling happily. （能用短語表達的就不要用從句）

【正】The five-year-old girl is smiling happily.

【誤】There is a lecture at 3∶00 pm. The lecture place is in the hall of our school.The lecture will be given by Professor Wang. （多個簡單句出現時，要想辦法合并）

【正】There is a lecture at 3∶00 pm， which will be given by Professor Wang in the hall of our school.

責任編校 蔣小青