２００８年高考英語基礎(chǔ)寫作指導(dǎo)（ＶＩ）

如何寫議論文

一、寫作指導(dǎo)

作者對某一問題持有一種看法，為了使讀者同意，提出若干理由，試圖說服他人，這種通過議論或說理來表達(dá)作者見解和主張的文體叫議論文。一般來說，議論文的寫作要注意以下幾點：論點要鮮明、確切，論據(jù)要充分、可靠，論證要嚴(yán)密、得法。但高考中的英語議論文寫作都有提示，論點、論據(jù)是確定的，所以寫作時關(guān)注的重點就在以下幾個方面：

1． 準(zhǔn)確找出論點、論據(jù)及其之間的相互關(guān)系，即找出要點；

2． 合理安排材料的順序，即論點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論之間的表述方式；

3． 注意文章的時態(tài)、語態(tài)等。議論文常用一般現(xiàn)在時，但述說過去的事實時，可用過去時態(tài)；預(yù)測將來時，要用將來時態(tài)；也經(jīng)常使用被動語態(tài)；有時假設(shè)一種虛擬情況時，還需要用虛擬語氣。

二、常用詞句

備考英語議論文的寫作，需要掌握一些常用的句型、過渡詞和短語。

1. 議論文開頭常用語

(1)開門見山型

Nowadays there is a widespread concern that...

Now people in growing number are coming to realize that...

Recently the issue of... has been brought to public attention.

Recently the rise in (the problem of )... has drawn public attention / caused much concern.

One of the most serious problems many people complain about now is that ...

With the rapid development of ...

With the amazing increase (growth， decline) in ..

As everyone knows， ...

(2)對立觀點辯論型

Many people argue / hold / insist / believe that...

There is no denying / doubt that...

When asked about ... ， most people believe that...， but others regard it quite differently.

Now the majority of people think that ...， but there is little evidence that...

(3)數(shù)據(jù)圖表型

Recently we did a survey about ...

According to a recent survey， about 70% of the students ...

A recent study indicates / suggests / shows that...

According to the statistics provided by...， it can be seen that...

2. 議論文結(jié)尾常用語

(1)總結(jié)概括型

Obviously， we can draw the conclusion that...

Thus， it can be concluded that...

Therefore， we can find that...

(2)提出措施型

It is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.

Accordingly， I recommend that some measures be taken.

To solve the problem， some measures should be taken.

We'd better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams.

The government should take strong measures to deal with these problems.

Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks.

It is important (necessary， urgent， difficult， easy， convenient， comfortable， expensive， desirable， advisable) for sb. to do sth.

3. 議論文中間部分常用語

(1)常見過渡性詞匯

(2)兩種事物的比較或?qū)Ρ?/p>

...carries much weight than...when sth. is concerned.

Some people like...due to....However， there are many young people， including me， especially like....

The advantages of something are much greater than ...

Compared with...， ...has many advantages.

Although A enjoys considerable advantage over...， it can not compete with B in...

Contrary to widely accepted views， I believe that...

What people fail to consider is that...

It is one thing to insist that...， it is quite another to show that...

A differs from B in that...

(3)描寫圖表和數(shù)據(jù)的句型

... rank first ( both ) in...

... is by far the largest...

as many as.... / not as (so)... as

The number is...times as much as that of...

The figure has nearly doubled， as against that of last year.

It accounts for 35% of...

By comparison with...， it decreased / increased / fell from...to...

There is a slight (slow / rapid) rise (increase / fall / drop) in...

be on the increase ( decrease / rise / decline )

As can be indicated in the table， ...

As the survey results show，...

This table provides several important points of comparison between ...

The two graphs show the same thing in ...

According to the figures given in the table， ...

It can be seen from the statistics that ...

(4)說明原因的句型

There are some good reasons for.../ to do...

The reason for +名詞 / why +從句... is that...

The change in... largely results from the fact that...

There are several causes for this significant growth in... . First， ...

A number of factors could account for the....

The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.

If there is an increase in demand， then prices rise / go up.

(5)表示不同看法的句型

Different people have / hold different opinions / views on the question.

They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

Some people hold the opinion that it is good to....

They think quite differently on this problem.

Opinions vary from individual to individual， from culture to culture.

(6)議論文中常用的諺語

As a popular saying goes， “Every coin has two sides.”

As a proverb says， “Everything has two sides.”

On the one hand... On the other hand...

As is known to all， “No pains， no gains. ”（不勞無獲）

Where there is a will， there is a way.(有志者事竟成)

Actions speak louder than words. (行動勝于言辭)

All roads lead to Rome. (條條大路通羅馬)

Better late than never. (遲做總比不做好)

Every man is his own worst enemy. (最大的敵人就是自己)

A friend in need is a friend indeed. (患難之交才是真正的朋友)

Haste makes waste.(欲速則不達(dá))

He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. (不犯錯的人必將一事無成)

Health is better than wealth. (健康勝于財富)

Take time while time is， for time will be away. (機不可失，時不再來)

Temperance is the greatest of virtue. (自我節(jié)制是最大的美德)

三、實例分析

假設(shè)你班上正在舉行一個英語辯論會，辯論的主題是“網(wǎng)絡(luò)聊天”。請根據(jù)以下提示的內(nèi)容，用英文寫一篇五句話的議論文。

參考范文

With the development of IT， online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with many people. People’s opinions about it vary from person to person. Some think that it has more problems than benefits， while others believe that it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing and that it helps people release their emotions and worries freely and safely.

As far as I am concerned， whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it. So long as we can keep ourselves under good control， we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects.

四、即時訓(xùn)練

(1)

某英文報正在就中學(xué)生是否應(yīng)該“自立”進(jìn)行討論。請根據(jù)所給提示，用英語寫一篇題目為Depend on yourself的小短文。

寫作要求：

1. 內(nèi)容必須包括以上全部信息；

2. 正文使用5個句子。

(2)

最近校園網(wǎng)上有人提出了一個Should exams continue to exist in our education?的話題，很多人都參與了討論，請你按照以下內(nèi)容要點，用英文發(fā)表自己的看法。

寫作要求：只能用五句話表達(dá)以上全部信息。

參考范文

(1)

Depend on Yourself

There have been many great men in history. Though many of them were very poor in their childhood with no one to depend on， they set to work with all their determination and finally they worked their own way up to success. What they have in common，in spite of the differences in their fields and nationalities，is their determination to succeed in their careers and the spirit to depend on themselves.

Depending on yourself can make you a responsible， active and confident person. You will not achieve anything unless you depend on yourself.

(2)

Exams do have some side effects， such as too many and too difficult exams discouraging students' learning interest， but the advantages of exams far outweigh their disadvantages. Exams can check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately on the whole. And the most important is that until today we have not found a better mothod that can take the place of exams in education.

Because exams are a very useful and imoprtant educational tool of measurement， they should stay in our educational family. However， it's quite necessary for us to take some steps to reform the forms and contents of exams.

責(zé)任編校蔣小青