２００８年浙江高考英語書面表達題復習指導

一、對浙江省自行命題以來高考英語書面表達題的回顧

從2004年開始，浙江省自行組織對英語學科進行高考命題。2004年的書面表達題要求考生向外國筆友介紹兩本學習漢語的詞典。2005年要求考生向外國朋友介紹中國學生過生日的方式。2006年要求考生圍繞“看電影還是讀原著”談自己的看法。2007年要求考生就“英語課的教師授課語言”發表自己的看法，首次采用“二選一”的形式，即讓考生在兩種提示信息中選取一種進行討論。以上四個書面表達題設計的情境真實可信，貼近當前社會實際，符合考生的認知水平和生活經歷，能夠有效考查考生書面表達的實際水平。試題的要求明確，要點提示簡明，而且給出必寫的內容，有一定的控制性。此外，還要求考生發表自己的建議與看法，這樣，考題具有一定的開放性，優秀考生有了發揮的余地，同時，也使考生寫出的句式更具多樣性，從而增強了試題的有效度和區分度。

二、對2008年浙江高考英語書面表達題的展望

浙江省自行命題以來四年的高考英語書面表達題始終體現了“立足基礎，注重能力，突出運用，穩定中求發展”的思想。 體裁相對穩定，題材貼近生活，提示簡潔明了；內容體現開放，發揮導向作用。試題要求考生根據所給的情境和要求，用自己的語言組織成一篇內容充實、語言正確、句子連貫、用詞貼切的作文。它的特點是要求明確，審題容易，不易離題；實用性強，情境真實，考生有話可說，表達難度不大。目前，高考作文考核主要有三種文體形式（說明文、記敘文和應用文）和三種考查形式（圖表、文字提綱和圖畫）；考查的重點是文章內容要點、語言正誤和語言表達三個方面。2007年浙江高考英語書面表達考題具有一定的開放性，考生有了發揮的余地和展示自己語言能力的機會。因此，2008年的浙江高考英語書面表達題應該還將保留一定的開放性。

三、考生在英語高考書面表達中的主要缺陷

考生在英語高考書面表達中的主要缺陷有：不注意使用銜接詞，文章缺乏連貫性和邏輯性；用詞單調重復，缺乏新意；句式結構單調，簡單句偏多；段落層次不清等。在文章行文的連貫性方面，中文強調“意合”，注重段落內容、含義本身的上下連貫性，并不強調銜接詞的使用；與此相反，英語強調“形合”，講究通過銜接詞引領段落乃至整篇文章中語意的前后關系。中國學生深受母語的影響，對上述中英文段落行文的差異缺乏足夠的認識和重視，致使其在進行英語寫作時想當然地遵照母語寫作的模式和習慣進行，而忽視銜接詞的運用。另外考生詞匯量貧乏以及用詞考究意識淡薄，導致行文中相當詞匯的重復使用?！暗Z法教學”的呼聲以及英語試卷中語法類試題的削弱，致使學生語法知識不牢，寫作中語病層出不窮，就很難奢求其英文句式的多樣化意識和實踐。

四、考生在考場上寫好作文的基本要點

（一）選詞

1.恰當運用簡單詞匯

恰當運用一些簡單詞匯（如 make，take，keep，come，go，put，stay，work ...）會使文章顯得活潑親切。這種小詞的運用和只會用簡單的詞不是同一個概念。前者是英語純熟、地道的表現，而后者則體現詞匯的簡陋和貧乏。例如：

（1）原文：A good teacher is supposed to be

responsible，learned，eloquent and humorous.

修改：It takes much such as responsibility，

learning，eloquence and humor to be a good teacher.

（2）原文：The mayor said that pollution had

become our most serious issue.

修改：Pollution，as the mayor put it，hadbecome

our most pressing issue.

2.盡量使用純正詞匯

英語的表達方式十分豐富，善于體會、學習并運用這些生動表達才是真正掌握了這種語言的精要，將他們用于自己的文章中，會使文章大放異彩，感覺詞語在跳舞，文章仿佛有了靈魂。

（1）原文：Inventions like trains，airplanes and computers have made our life more convenient.

修改：Inventions like trains，airplanes and

computers have much convenienced our life.

（2） 原文：His inability to speak English puts him at a disadvantage when he attends an international conference.

修改：His inability to speak English disadvantages him when he attends an international conference.

3.力求使用精確詞匯

有時為了表達某個意思，寫了很多還覺得不達意，但一旦想到了一個好詞，大有畫龍點睛之感。

（1）原文：In the present time，time is money，so calling is better than writing.

修改：In the present time，time is money，calling provides a better alternative to writing.

（2）原文：If we stay at school，we can use the books in the library and go on with our study.

修改：With easy access to the books in thelibrary，

we can go on with our study.

4.用詞要有變化

文章用詞切忌重復，貴在錯落有致，讀起來才有滋有味。比如一個很常用的詞“導致，引起”，英語有一系列說法，可以交叉使用：cause，create，produce，lead to，give rise to，help to，generate，bring about，serve to，result in，spark，trigger ...

又如，在寫關于城市、鄉村生活的作文中，為了反復證明鐘情于鄉村生活，可用以下不同的句式：

Country life always appeals to me.

City born and city bred，I am always fascinated by country life.

To me，nothing can be compared with the

tranquility of country life.

To me，country life is always superior to town life （the hubbub of the city）.

5.巧用名詞和副詞

英語的名詞，尤其是抽象名詞，相對發達。在表達一個較復雜的含有兩個或兩個以上的動詞意群的漢語句子時，可考慮將其中一個動詞轉化為名詞，這樣更符合英語的行文習慣。

（1）漢：有些人一提起長假就興奮不已。

英：Some people get excited at the mention of long holidays.

（2）漢：隨著越來越多的人意識到環境問題的重要性，很多人都在為創造一個良好的環境而努力。

英： With the increasing awareness of its

importance，there are many efforts to create a good

nvironment.

6.適當使用委婉表達

委婉是一種明抑實揚、言輕義重的含蓄說法，用來表達不愉快的事情時，效果委婉，聽者易于接受。以下表達分別有不同的委婉表達。

to die：to pass away，to depart，to go to heaven，to go to sleep

old age：getting on in years， past the prime

old people：senior citizens，in one’s second child

mad：be of unsound mind，be emotionallydisturbed，

out of one’s mind

cleaner：sanitation engineer

a stupid student：a slow learner，a less brightstudent

poor：needy，underprivileged

dismissal：lay off

bankrupt：out of the game

slum：substandard housing

penniless：out of pocket，hard up，badly off，in reduced circumstances

in debt：in difficulties

unemployed parents：welfare parents

failure：luck is not on one’s side

pornographic movies：adults films，for adultsonly，

only，x-rated films

violence：action

ordinary people，common people（有階級的色彩）：average person（everyday people）

（二）造句

1.必要時嘗試用容量大的句子

中國學生的英語作文句式過于單一簡短，幾乎都是簡單句。這是因為漢語中意思與意思的組合如竹節一樣，是行云流水式的；而英語是有邏輯的像大樹一樣嵌在一起，主句是主干，樹干之上再分層次，有從句、分詞短語等。要訓練學生在造句時怎樣將它們合理地組合在一起，使句子顯得豐滿，有血有肉，而不是單調簡陋的排列。合并短小的句子成容量大的句子，也使文章更通順、連貫。

（1）原文：This city lies on the coast. It covers an area of 50 square kilometers. It has a population of 100 thousand.

修改：Situated on the coast，the city covers an area of 50 square kilometers，with a population of 100 thousand.

（2）原文：I like to get on the Internet，but I

cannot afford a computer. Internetbar makes it possible.

修改：Internetbar makes it possible for a person who cannot afford a computer to get on the net.

2.利用特殊句式

嘗試在寫作時使用倒裝句、強調句、虛擬語氣這些特殊句式，使文章文采斐然。

（1）原文：Natural science is indispensable to us.

修改：Had it not been for the development of natural science，we would have been still living in a primitive society.

（2）原文：One of the advantages of calling is its convenience.

修改：Primary among the arguments for calling is its convenience.

3.學會迂回表達

迂回表達是將不便直言的事物用轉彎抹角的方式表達出來。其結果是“短話長說”。有時中國學生寫的英語文章話語過于直白，淡而無味。而英美報刊、文學作品中常用迂回表達，使文章活潑有趣，富于變化，回味無窮。

（1）原文：I do not think going abroad is good.

修改：Considering all the difficulties it involves，

why so many people insist on going abroad is beyond my ken.

（2）原文：In the year 2000 China finally

succeeded in her accession to the WTO after a lengthy negotiation.

修改：The year 2000 witnessed China’s final accession to the WTO after a marathon negotiation.

4.巧妙運用修辭

巧妙使用修辭手段會使文章增色。通常用的修辭手法如比喻、借代等，這一點英語和漢語極為相似。如：

There she stood，so motionless，just like a log.（明喻）

Every life has its roses and thorns.（暗喻）

Grey Hair should be respected.（換喻）

My father had to earn bread for the family at the age of fifteen.（提喻）

Some books are to be swallowed，others to be

tasted，and still others to be chewed and digested.（擬人）

Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit. （對比）

Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.（排比）

Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（重復）

（三）謀篇

1.段落的基本結構

英語段落基本上由主題句 topic sentence（TS）、

發展句 developing sentence（DS）、段末句concluding sentence（CS）構成。如：

【Paragraph 1】Opportunities do not come often （TS）. They come every once in a while （DS1）. Very often，they come quietly and go by without being noticed（DS2）. Therefore，it is advisable that you should value and treat them with care （CS）.

【Paragraph 2】Diligence is the key to success（TS）. It means persist work and does not mean that we are to exertourlves all day all night without rest，without food and without sleep（DS1）. The true meaning of diligence is the careful use of time for the purpose of improvement，or to work persistently without any waste of time （DS2）.

2.段落的連貫用語

（1）導入段

A proverb says ...

Generally speaking ...

Many people often ask the question ...

It is often said that ...

As is known to all ...

Over the past few years ...

A recent survey provides ...

Various views exist as to ...

It goes without saying that ...

Along with the development in ...

（2）發展段

We must recognize that ...

It is true that ...

No one can deny that ...

What is more serious that ...

There is no doubt that ...

But the problem is not so simple ...

With regard to ...

Yet difference will be found ...

Meanwhile/However ...In actual fact ...

First ... Second ... Third ...

On the other hand ...

In addition to ...

For example ...

For Moreover ...

A second concern is that ...

（3）結尾段

Consequently/All in all/As a final comment...

A conclusion from ... is that ...

As mentioned above ...

In summary/In a word ...

On this background，it was concluded that...

To sum up/In brief/At length...

In conclusion/ On account of this...

We can find that...

To summarize/As a result/In short...

閱讀下面的例文，注意文章的“意”連和“形”連相結合。

Attending a college in a foreign country one has to lose a lot. Most probably，you will feel lonelybecause you are far away from your family and your relatives. And you will find many differentliving habits in the new situation. Besides，you have to work hard in your spare time to make a living. Consequently，life would be in a hurry，and you won’t have enough time to relax yourself. So you should be fully prepared for these before deciding to go abroad.

3.段落的銜接手段

（1）“啟”，常用于篇章或段落的開頭，提出主題或論點，為下文的展開做鋪墊。表示“啟”的句型和套語有許多，如：

One of the hot issues much talked about is ...

Nowadays there is a growing tendency ...

There is no denying that ...

As goes the saying ...

A recent survey shows that ...

（2）“承”，即承上啟下。表示“承”的句型和套語常見的有：

To understand the point /view/nature of ...

It is necessary/essential to analyze/discuss ...

Another factor of equal significance is ...

Aside from/Apart from ...

Take...for example ...

There are many reasons for ...

... is not the sole cause for ...

（3）“轉”，即轉折，引出相反或相對的觀點、看法、情況等。表示“轉”的句型和套語常有：

Despite/In spite of/For all ...

Instead of/Rather than ...

In contrast to...

But the opposite/reverse is usually true/the case ...

On the contrary ...

（4）“合”，就是“總結”“綜上所述”，主要用于結尾段，起到概括全文、畫龍點睛的作用。表示“合”的句型和套語常見的有：

It is high time that ...

We may have a long way to go before ...

From what we discussed above，we may ...

To sum up/In conclusion/As a consequence ...

In summary/Byandlarge/Eventually/To

summarize...

例文：

Private Tutoring

Private tutoring is very popular，especially in big cities. A recent investigation shows that about 60 percent of pupils have private tutors.

On one hand，private tutoring is a good choice for parents who are unable to help their children in study. Onthe other hand，private tutoring is usuallyone-to-

one，the teacher knows the strongest points as well as the weak points of the pupil clearly.

However，private tutoring has its own disadvantages. For one thing，it takes up so much of the pupils’time that they can hardly find enough time for rest and play. For another，children may tend to rely too much on private tutoring，neglecting their classroom study.

To my mind，greater emphasis for children should be laid on classroom study. And private

tutoring should only work as a supplement to the schooling.

五、高考英語書面表達訓練建議

從基本詞匯的積累和運用著手，強化基本句型和常用句型的訓練，創設較為真實的語境，在真實的語境中運用所學的基本句型。

訓練寫作技巧，熟悉各種文體的結構和段落層次的寫作方法，學會使用銜接詞。同時，訓練認真審題，明確題目要求、人稱、時態和內容要點，并進行各類文體的寫作訓練。

背誦與學生生活相關的一些范文，并對其中的常用詞、短語和句型進行歸納、整理和靈活運用。

書面表達的訓練要全方位多側面，提倡同學間相互批改，以提高學生微校驗能力，在相互批改中既能互相學習也能警示自己少犯錯誤；教師適時適度進行面批，對癥下藥；講評時注意抓篇章結構、遣詞造句以提高學生的寫作能力。

在提升寫作能力方面，鼓勵具有較強語言表達能力的學生使用較復雜的結構和較高級的詞匯，強調語篇連貫流暢，使用語句間的連接成分，使全文間結構緊湊，并適當體現開放性表述能力，如在開頭或結尾處，恰到好處地點明主題，表達作者的中心思想和意圖或提出見解或簡單議論。