試題各不同,解題有訣竅。扎實的基礎知識與敏捷的解題思路相結合,會使你解題時得心應手。
一、被動語態型
【要點領悟】 遇到謂語動詞語態形式的試題時,要注意動詞是不是及物動詞,因為及物動詞后面必須帶賓語。如果沒有帶賓語,就意味著賓語去做主語了,即主語承受動詞的動作。因此,謂語動詞要用被動式。如:
〖典型題例1〗 The students to touch anything in the chemical lab unless the teacher asks them to.
A. aren’t allowed
B. don’t allow
C. haven’t allowed
D. won’t allow
〖解題思路〗 allow為及物動詞,其句型為allow sb. to do sth.,現在allow后面沒有指人的賓語(sb.),句子的主語就是動作的承受者,因此要用被動語態,答案為A。
及物動詞以非謂語形式出現時,也要看其后有沒有賓語,如果沒有,那么它的邏輯主語就是其動作的承受者,就要選擇具有被動意義的非謂語形式。如:
2. The girl went to the party without ________.
A. invitingB. being invited
C.to be invited D. invited
〖解題思路〗 句子已有謂語動詞went,invite只能用非謂語形式,在介詞without后面只能用—ing形式,判斷用哪種非謂語形式是解題的第一步。第二步是判斷用主動式還是被動式。invite為及物動詞,后面應接“人”做賓語,現在沒有賓語,在邏輯上句子的主語the girl是其賓語,因此,invite要用具有被動意義的形式, 具有被動意義的選項有B、C和D。綜合分析,invite既要用—ing形式又要用被動式,答案就是B。
3. ________ from the tower at night, the city looks more beautiful.
A. is seenB. seeingC. being seen D. seen
〖解題思路〗 see為及物動詞,后面沒有帶賓語,它的邏輯賓語就是句子的主語the city,因此要用被動式。具有被動意義的選項有A、C和D。根據句子結構,不能用謂語形式做狀語,要用非謂語形式做狀語,表示時間或條件, 故排除A。由于在時間上,see動作應在look動作之前發生,具有完成意義, 因而要用既能表完成又能表被動的選項D,因為過去分詞具有這樣的雙重意義。
注意:在某些情況下,可用主動形式表示被動意義。如:
This problem is worth discussing. 這個問題值得討論。(主語problem是discuss的承受者)
Your car wants / needs repairing. 你的車子需要維修了。(want和need表示“需要”,主語car是repair的承受者)
二、句子結構型
【要點領悟】遇到結構復雜的試題時,可通過移動某些詞語的位置,或變換一下句型,就可以看清楚句子的本來結構,從而使題意清楚,答案明確。如:
〖典型題例1〗The play brought the hours back to me ________ I had worked in a far—away farm.
A. until B. thatC. whenD. where
〖解題思路〗 答案為C。空后是一個完整的句子結構,做什么從句,一時很難看出,如果把它移到hours后面,就會發現它是定語從句,修飾hours,修飾時間名詞,不能用where,而要用when,因從句中不缺主語或賓語,不能用that引導從句。題中hours指“一段時間”,bring sth. back to sb.意為“使用某人回憶起某事”。題意為:“這出戲使我想起了我在一個遙遠的農場干活的那段時光”。
2. The young man has spent as much time as he could ________ English.
A. learnB. to learn C. learningD. done
〖解題思路〗 此題易誤選A,認為could后只能接動詞原形。如果變通一下試題結構:as he could是一個比較狀語從句,could后省去前面出現過的動詞spend,如果把這個比較結構移開不看,就會清楚的看出,后面要用帶to的不定式作目的狀語,故選B。題意可理解為:這個年輕人花了他所能花的時間學習英語。
3. My aunt was disappointed to see the washing machine she ________ went wrong again.
A. had repairedB. had had repaired
C. repairedD. had had repairing
〖解題思路〗 答案選B,這似乎使人難以接受。變通一下試題結構:…machine( that) she had had repaired...,畫線部分是定語從句修飾machine。還變通一下定語從句的結構:she had had that(machine)repaired,其句型是have sth. done,為什么動詞have要用had had呢?這是因為have動詞動作發生在was或went之前,屬“過去的過去”的動作,要用過去完成時。
4. It was four hours ________ the meeting lasted.
A. whenB. that C. before D. since
〖解題思路〗 此題易誤選C或D。因為有這樣的句型:It be + 一段時間+ before / since從句。 其實答案是B, 這是一個強調句型,可變換為普通句型:The meeting lasted four hours。
注意:變通的基本方式有:變特殊問句為陳述句、變強調句型為普通句型、引導定語從句的關系代詞或副詞回歸原位等。
三、動詞時態型
【要點領悟】在有些語境試題中,說話者剛剛知道了某個情況,但卻說“不知道”,這種不知道實際上是指在說話前的情形,因而謂語要用過去某個時態。如:
〖典型題例1〗Jim, I ________ you ________ here.
A. don’t know; areB. didn’t know; were
C. hadn’t known; had been D.haven’t known; were
〖解題思路〗 兩人見面說話,肯定知道對方就在眼前。這里說不知道是指說話之前不知道,因而謂語要用過去式,答案為B。
2. — This is Zhao Hua speaking.
— I’m sorry. I ________ your voice.
A. don’t recognize B. didn’t recognize
C. haven’t recognizedD. hadn’t recognized
〖解題思路〗 這是打電話的情景。對方已經告訴你他是誰,你說“沒有辨認出他的聲音”是指說話前的情況,因此謂語動詞要用一般過去式。故答案為B。
3. — Hey, look where you are going?
— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. ________.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
〖解題思路〗 當別人提醒你后,你應該知道走到了什么地方。這里所說的沒有注意,也是指說話前的情況,因此謂語要用過去某個時態,此題只有B適合情景。
四、虛擬語氣型
【要點領悟】出于某個目的,說話者會有意說出與事實相反的話來,這時,謂語動詞就要用虛擬語氣。遇到這類試題,就要按照虛擬語氣的不同情形去處理謂語形式。如:
〖典型題例1〗 When a chopstick is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ________.
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were brokenD. had been broken
〖解題思路〗筷子放入水中,看起來像是被折斷一樣,這是光的折射現象,筷子并沒有被折斷,這是與事實相反的說法,因此謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。當as if從句表示與現在情況相反時,謂語用過去式,be用were,故選C。
2. We were really anxious about you. You ________ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have leftD. needn’t leave
〖解題思路〗事實是對方(you)沒有留下一句話就離家出走了。而現在說“你不應該不留一句話就離家出走,是與實際情況相反的說法,表示說話者抱怨、責備等語氣,因此要用虛擬語氣,shouldn’t have left表示過去本來不應該離開,而實際上離開了。正合題意。
3. I didn’t meet Mr. Smith at the station. How l wish I ________ him.
A. had seen B. sawC. have seenD. was seeing
〖解題思路〗 事實是沒有見到Smith先生,純屬表示一種愿望, 因此要用虛擬語氣。表示對過去的愿望wish后面的賓語從句謂語用過去完成時形式,故答案為A。
【現場過招】
1. —Did the train arrive in time?
— No. it ________ two hours ago.
A. must have arrived B. ought to have arrived
C. must arriveD. ought to arrive
2.— ________ the lecture might be put off.—Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I’ve been told B. I’ve told
C. I’m told D. I told
3.I’m very glad to see the problem________.
A. settleB. settledC. being settledD. settling
4.Please tell me the way you thought of ________ the children.
A. look after B. to look after
C. looking after D. looked after
5.________ is it ________ has made John ________ he is today?
A. What; that; thatB. That; that; what
C. What; what; thatD. What; that; what
6.We ________ last night, but we went to the concert instead.
A. must have studiedB. might study
C. should have studiedD. would study
7.— You agreed to go, so why aren’t you getting ready?— But I ______ that you ______ me to start at once.
A. don’t realize, wantB.don’t realize; wanted
C. haven’t realized; want D.didn’t realize; wanted
8.He was very proud and was not used ________ to like that.
A. to being spoken B.to be spoken
C. being spoken D. to speak
9.— Mother will come tomorrow.
— Oh, I _____. I _____ that she ____ today.
A. don’t know; think; will come
B. know; think; comes
C. didn’t know; thought; was coming
D. knew; thought; will come
10.What do you imagine ______ to Jim last weekend?
A.happenedB. has happened
C. happeningD. to happen
答案及簡析:
1.B火車過去本來應該兩小時前到站,實際晚點了。
2.Btell須帶一個指人的賓語,現在沒有,句子的主語是其承受者;由于說話前就被人告知,現在還記得,因此要用現在完成時。
3.B看見問題被人解決了,用過去分詞表被動和表示完成。
4.Byou thought of是定語從句,移去不看,可知在way后面常接不定式做定語。
5.C此題是強調句型的疑問式,變為普通的肯定句型是:What has made John what he is today。題意為:是什么使得John成為今天這副模樣?
6.C與過去事實相反的說法。題意為:昨天晚上我們本來應該學習,可是去聽音樂會了。
7.D說話時已知道要立刻出發,所說的沒有意識到是說話前的情況。
8. A題中有be used to doing sth. 表示“習慣做某事”,speak to sb.表示“對某人講話”,to沒有賓語,句子的主語是其承受者,因此,用—ing的被動式。
9. C對方已告訴說話者母親明天來,而他說他不知道,以為是今天來,都是說話前的情形。均用謂語動詞一般過去式。
10. A此題易誤選C,因為imagine后接動詞用—ing形式。其實do you imagine是插入成分,把它移開,試題結構就清楚了。