運(yùn)動鞋的奧運(yùn)情結(jié)

隨著奧運(yùn)科技的發(fā)展，運(yùn)動鞋作為運(yùn)動員不可或缺的裝備，也隨之迅速地改進(jìn)和發(fā)展。邁克爾·約翰遜在悉尼奧運(yùn)會上所穿的“金色跑鞋”，以及劉翔在雅典奧運(yùn)會上所穿的“金牌跑鞋”，都無疑為他們奪冠助上了一臂之力。

We find ourselves in the midst of Olympic Games fever once again. Our top athletes are going to compete at the highest level and strive for top honors in their chosen fields. How much has technology been used to improve sports shoes， therefore enhancing the performance of our Olympians?

Adi Dassler(now known as Adidas) made the first shoe with complete leather sole and hand-forged1) spikes2) in 1926. In 1928， Adi Dassler's shoes were worn at the Olympic Games for the first time. Adi Dassler took care of \"his\" athletes in Amsterdam and strived to optimize3) the respective shoes， working closely with athletes.

In 1964， Adidas presented the lightest track shoe ever made. The \"Tokyo 64\" weighed just 135 grams per shoe. At the Olympic Games in Tokyo， Willi Holdorf was the first German in \"Tokyo 64\" to take gold in the decathlon4).

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己再一次處于奧林匹克運(yùn)動會的熱潮中。我們的頂級運(yùn)動員將會在各自的領(lǐng)域里發(fā)揮最佳水平，參與競賽，爭取最高榮譽(yù)。我們采用了多少技術(shù)來改進(jìn)運(yùn)動鞋，從而使奧運(yùn)選手們表現(xiàn)得更加出色？

阿迪·達(dá)斯勒(即如今眾人皆知的阿迪達(dá)斯)在1926年制作了第一只全皮鞋底的手工釘鞋。1928年，阿迪·達(dá)斯勒生產(chǎn)的鞋首次在奧林匹克運(yùn)動會上由運(yùn)動員穿著。阿迪·達(dá)斯勒在阿姆斯特丹照顧“他的”運(yùn)動員們，盡力完善每個(gè)人的鞋，與運(yùn)動員通力合作。

1964年，阿迪達(dá)斯展出了當(dāng)時(shí)能制作出的最輕的釘鞋——“東京64”，每只僅重135克。在東京奧林匹克運(yùn)動會上，維利·霍爾多夫是第一個(gè)穿著“東京64”奪得田徑十項(xiàng)全能運(yùn)動金牌的德國運(yùn)動員。

A Brief History of the Sports Shoes

運(yùn)動鞋簡史

Plimsolls5) 橡皮底帆布鞋

In earlier times， the rubber-soled6) plimsolls were traditionally worn in PE lessons throughout most schools in Europe. \"You could have any color you liked as long as it was black or white.\"

These have been replaced by air cushioned7)， gel8) filled capsules9) with superior technical performance. They come in a variety of colors， shapes and forms and are purchased as much for their appearance as their performance.

Plimsolls were revolutionary at the time as they provided comfort， were lightweight and allowed the user to move around silently. Plimsolls became known as sneakers10)， and were sold on a mass scale by the Keds Shoe Company in America as early as 1917.

早些時(shí)候，歐洲大多數(shù)學(xué)校的體育課上，學(xué)生們都按照慣例穿橡皮底帆布鞋。“你可以在黑色和白色之間任選一個(gè)喜歡的顏色。”

這些鞋已經(jīng)被高科技?xì)鈮|、凝膠填充的囊袋做底的鞋取而代之。它們的顏色五彩繽紛，形狀五花八門，形式多種多樣。購買時(shí)，人們關(guān)注的不僅是實(shí)用性，也同樣注重其外觀。

就在那時(shí)，橡皮底帆布鞋在其舒適性方面經(jīng)歷了一次重大的變革，鞋身輕盈，使人們可以四處走動卻不發(fā)出聲音。橡皮底帆布鞋開始作為旅游鞋而為人所知，并且早在1917年，美國凱德軟底帆布鞋公司便開始大批量銷售它們。

Spike Shoes鉚釘鞋

You may think that spiked running shoes are a relatively new invention， but they have been around for at least a 100 years. In the 1890's， a British company， which is now called Reebok created running shoes with spikes in them. The spiked shoe was developed out of necessity. The founder of the company enjoyed running and wanted to develop a shoe that would increase his speed.

In 1925， Adi Dassler created a range of shoes with hand-forged spikes. They offered a range of shoes for different distances. The company used the strongest and lightest materials available at the time to make the running shoes.

你也許以為鉚釘跑鞋是一個(gè)相對比較新的發(fā)明，但其實(shí)它已經(jīng)存在了至少100年。19世紀(jì)90年代，如今被稱為“銳步”的一家英國公司發(fā)明了釘鉚釘?shù)呐苄ｃT釘鞋是應(yīng)“需”而生的。公司的創(chuàng)始人喜歡跑步，希望制作一種能夠提高他速度的鞋。

1925年，阿迪·達(dá)斯勒制作了一系列手工鉚釘鞋。他們根據(jù)不同的賽程需要制作了一系列的鞋。該公司使用了當(dāng)時(shí)最耐磨、最輕型的材料來制作跑鞋。

Liu Xiang's Gold Champion Running Shoes

劉翔的金牌跑鞋

In the Athens Olympics， Liu Xiang equaled the 12.91 second 110-meter world record. He wore the white Nike \"Zoom Super Fly G5\" shoes during his performance， which were lighter than Michael Johnson's famous \"Golden Running Shoes\" from the Olympic Sydney Games. For the 2008 Olympic Games， Nike has designed 19 types of shoes for Liu Xiang to choose from. However， the final choice has yet to be unveiled.

在雅典奧運(yùn)會110米欄項(xiàng)目中，劉翔以12.91秒的速度平了世界紀(jì)錄。在這次比賽中，他腳穿白色款的耐克“Zoom Super Fly G5”，這款鞋比邁克爾·約翰遜在悉尼奧運(yùn)會上那雙著名的“金色跑鞋”更輕。耐克公司已經(jīng)為劉翔參加2008奧運(yùn)會設(shè)計(jì)了19款鞋，供劉翔選擇，但他最終的選擇仍有待揭曉。

The Involvement of Science and Technology

科學(xué)和技術(shù)的演變

In the 1970's sports shoe manufacturers employed experts to conduct research into how humans run. They also investigated the shock effect to the body caused by the collision11) between the feet and the ground. Their finding helped to develop new， improved sports shoes.

At that time， a plastic called \"ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)12)\" was developed. This material revolutionized the construction of sports shoes. It was made up of tiny air bubbles that provided cushioning and absorbed shock. This material was injection molded into shapes， which served as heel supports.

Modern sports shoes are made from a variety of materials chosen because of their individual properties.

20世紀(jì)70年代的運(yùn)動鞋制造商聘請了專家來研究人類如何跑步。他們也對由腳和地面之間的撞擊引起的人體的震動效果進(jìn)行了研究。他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)幫助開發(fā)出了更新、更完善的運(yùn)動鞋。

那時(shí)，人們研發(fā)出了一種叫做“乙烯-乙烯乙酸共聚物(EVA)”的塑料。這種材料徹底顛覆了運(yùn)動鞋的構(gòu)造。它由起減震和緩沖作用的小氣泡組成。這種材料被注射澆鑄成形，用于制作鞋后跟支撐物。

現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動鞋選用大量不同的材料制作，這些材料都因其各自獨(dú)特的特質(zhì)而得以入選。

Material材料 Why used為何被使用

Kevlar13)凱夫拉爾 10 times the strength of leather其韌性是皮革的10倍

Leather/canvas which is a composite material This material is thin， stable and low density.

皮革/帆布(一種合成材料) 這種材料輕薄、穩(wěn)定，而且密度很小。

Foam-blown polyurethane14)吹泡聚安酯 This gives a shoe extra cushioning. 這種材料可以為鞋增加減震功能。

Thermoplastic15) polyurethane This makes a shoe both strong and pliable16).

熱塑聚安酯 這種材料能使鞋具有強(qiáng)度和柔韌性。

Kangaroo leather Gives a footballer that extra spring in his or her step.

袋鼠皮 It offers good elasticity17).

能夠增強(qiáng)足球運(yùn)動員腳下的彈力，提供較好的彈性。

Sports Shoes Guide

運(yùn)動鞋要覽

It is crucial for the athletes to choose the right type of shoes for their competition field. The following provides details about specific sports shoes.

對運(yùn)動員來說，在各自的競賽項(xiàng)目中選擇一雙合適的鞋至關(guān)重要。以下是關(guān)于具體項(xiàng)目所用運(yùn)動鞋的詳細(xì)信息。

High Jump Shoes跳高鞋

This type of shoe has a much thicker sole. This gives maximum support and comfort. The shoe is light and flexible which helps the athlete achieve speed over a short distance before jumping. This shoe has to have spikes. The spikes at the front help the athlete to gain speed in the run-up. The four spikes in the heel provide grip18) when the athlete takes off.

此類鞋的鞋底較厚，能提供最大限度的支撐力和舒適度。此鞋輕便、柔韌性強(qiáng)，可以幫助運(yùn)動員在起跳前的短距離沖刺中達(dá)到理想的速度。此鞋必須有鉚釘。鞋前部的鉚釘可以幫助運(yùn)動員獲得起跑速度。跟部的四顆鉚釘在運(yùn)動員起跳時(shí)起到抓地作用。

Javelin19) Shoes標(biāo)槍鞋

This type of shoe has to be robust20) and durable21). Athletes drag their feet along the ground during the throw. As a result the shoe has to be made from a tough， hardwearing material. Support is crucial. Javelin shoes look more like boots with protection around the ankle. Most of them feature strapping22). This prevents the foot from moving in the shoe.

此類鞋必須結(jié)實(shí)耐磨。運(yùn)動員在投擲過程中腳會摩擦地面，所以鞋必須由堅(jiān)韌耐磨的材料制成。支撐力是至關(guān)重要的。標(biāo)槍鞋看上去更像是保護(hù)腳踝的靴子。大多數(shù)的標(biāo)槍鞋都以有加固的皮帶為特點(diǎn)，這樣可以防止腳在鞋里面滑動。

Reebok Hexride: Yao Ming's 2008 Olympic Shoes

姚明的2008奧運(yùn)戰(zhàn)靴

As we all know， Yao Ming will represent China in the upcoming Olympic Games in Beijing. Pictured is the Reebok Hexride for Yao Ming which he will wear during the Olympic Games， featuring Gold， White， and Red， which are traditional Chinese colors. The Reebok Hexride for Yao Ming contains Dragons stitched throughout the shoe and in the liner. Also stitched in the liner is \"1 of 2008.\"

眾所周知，姚明即將代表中國參加即將到來的北京奧運(yùn)會。下圖所示為Reebok Hexride，是給姚明特制的奧運(yùn)戰(zhàn)靴。這款鞋以中國傳統(tǒng)色金色、白色和紅色為主。該鞋的周身及襯墊都縫制了龍的圖案，以及“1 of 2008”的字樣。

Throwing Shoes投擲鞋

The shoe has to allow the athlete to throw and spin. A hooked strap over the toe helps to prevent the feet from moving sideways during the buildup to the throw. These types of shoes do not have spikes but have a hard sole. This lengthens the lifespan of the shoe.

The sole tends to have circular grooves23) on the balls24) of the feet. These help the athlete to spin.

此類鞋必須能讓運(yùn)動員投擲和旋轉(zhuǎn)。一條鉤狀帶套在腳趾上，防止在投擲前的力量積聚階段腳走偏。此類鞋不需要鉚釘，但鞋底很堅(jiān)固，從而延長了鞋的壽命。

鞋底往往在腳趾肚的部位有圓形凹槽，這些凹槽有助于運(yùn)動員旋轉(zhuǎn)。

Long Jump and Pole Vault Shoes跳遠(yuǎn)和撐桿跳鞋

These events require speed both on the ground and in the air. In most cases straps have replaced the laces. The sole tends to be both firm and flexible allowing extra bounce in the jump. The spikes are once again very important. They provide the grip before the jump. The spikes tend to be just at the front of the shoe.

這些運(yùn)動對地面和空中的速度都有要求。多數(shù)情況下，皮帶代替了鞋帶。鞋底往往要結(jié)實(shí)、柔韌性強(qiáng)，為跳躍增加彈跳力。鉚釘又一次顯示了其重要性。起跳前的控制力全靠它們。鉚釘一般位于鞋的前部。

Sprinting Shoes短跑鞋

This type of shoe has to be lightweight and offer flexibility at the front. They all tend to have spikes， which are located at the front. They are able to cope with lots of different types of surfaces. Most Olympic athletes have their shoes specially made.

此類鞋必須輕巧，并且鞋的前部需要具備柔韌性。它們往往都有鉚釘，且位于鞋的前部。它們能夠在大量不同的地面上發(fā)揮作用。大多數(shù)奧林匹克運(yùn)動員都有為其特制的短跑鞋。

Long Distance Shoes長跑鞋

These shoes have to be both durable and flexible. Comfort is a real priority; also this is about the sweat factor. A mesh25) is sometimes added in the upper part of the shoe to allow the foot to breathe. The cushioning is also very important. Spikes are sometimes added but are not essential.

此類鞋必須耐用、柔韌性強(qiáng)。舒適是最重要的一點(diǎn)；同時(shí)，這也與其排汗系數(shù)相關(guān)。有時(shí)鞋面上會加上網(wǎng)眼，讓腳能夠呼吸。減震也很重要。有時(shí)會加上鉚釘，但并不是必需的。