“閱讀理解”備考訓(xùn)練的一些建議

馮桂娟

閱讀理解在高考中占的比重較大，也是備考過程中的重頭戲。學(xué)生幾乎每天必練兩、三篇，但能每篇全對(duì)的只有少數(shù)。較多學(xué)生做閱讀題的感受是：文章都能讀懂，能理解，但做題時(shí)就會(huì)出錯(cuò)，甚至有同學(xué)埋怨“題目出得不好，出得不合理”。也有學(xué)生覺得做了很多題，但沒什么進(jìn)步，再做也是差不多，因而失去信心，抱著考試時(shí)碰運(yùn)氣的心理。這些都不利于英語閱讀的備考和解題能力的提高。

在平時(shí)的“閱讀理解”訓(xùn)練中，首先要有正確的心態(tài)和明確的目的。英語閱讀訓(xùn)練不僅僅是為了應(yīng)付高考，在閱讀中：1. 能了解各方面的知識(shí)，開闊視野，為我們的“背景知識(shí)”做儲(chǔ)備；2. 與英語語言接觸，無形中培養(yǎng)了英語的語感，鞏固了語言的熟練程度，減少單詞的遺忘；3. 擴(kuò)大英語詞匯量。抱著這樣的心態(tài)，做閱讀題就不會(huì)成為負(fù)擔(dān)，就能對(duì)英語閱讀有持久的興趣。

其次，每次做閱讀練習(xí)要定量定時(shí)：三篇20分鐘。考試說明中，該題限時(shí)就是20分鐘，因此，平時(shí)三篇的閱讀訓(xùn)練要在20分鐘內(nèi)完成。開始做之前記下時(shí)間，做的過程中必須排除其他干擾，集中精神，不聽MP3，不查詞典，不問同學(xué)，不回答其他同學(xué)的提問，更不能邊吃零食邊做或邊上其他課邊做。

第三，養(yǎng)成適合本人的良好的做題習(xí)慣、順序和策略，在高考中按此模式，就能應(yīng)付自如，不會(huì)慌亂，減少意外情況。例如，在平常練習(xí)中嘗試先瀏覽題目，再閱讀短文，看是否能更快找到答案，或更容易理解短文，假如你不習(xí)慣該模式，則不必強(qiáng)求。至于做題的順序，建議還是按篇目、題目的順序，當(dāng)然，有些同學(xué)喜歡先瀏覽三篇文章，記敘文體裁的先做，科技類型的放最后，這也是可取的，但一定要在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中實(shí)踐過，適合個(gè)人的風(fēng)格，并且留意到這種做法所帶來的某些問題才可以，否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)涂卡時(shí)對(duì)錯(cuò)題號(hào)的意外。

第四，解答閱讀理解題的一些策略。

1. 應(yīng)試閱讀不同于休閑閱讀或課文學(xué)習(xí)的閱讀，并且時(shí)間有限，不必遵循老師課堂上教的“略讀、快讀、細(xì)讀”等的閱讀策略，但如果短文有標(biāo)題或小標(biāo)題，當(dāng)然還是要先看標(biāo)題，做到心中有數(shù)。短文的閱讀必須細(xì)心、準(zhǔn)確，不能只是大概地瀏覽，然后就憑印象，或個(gè)人的主觀看法去選擇答案，這樣往往容易出錯(cuò)。

2. 短文的閱讀并不僅僅是了解短文的內(nèi)容，也要知道該短文屬于什么體裁。這對(duì)于寫作意圖的把握很重要。高考中閱讀理解的短文是“書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等”[見英語科考試大綱的說明（廣東卷）]。如果是廣告性質(zhì)的，則文段的目的，或作者的意圖再明顯不過了。以下這篇文段的問題都涉及到作者意圖或目的：

Read a whole book in English? Me?

Yes, you. Believe it or not, that may be easier than you think. Not all classics are too difficult or complicated. So youre not limited to the simplified versions. And the easier books are not all for children.

Books in their original versions may send you to the dictionary. And you might not understand everything you read. But reading one from cover to cover will give you a real sense of accomplishment.

The key is to find the right books. Lets take a look at these.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

(C.S. Lewis)

Stepping into an old wardrobe, four English schoolchildren find themselves in the magical world of Narnia. On this delightful land, they find friends among the many talking creatures.

The children soon discover, however, that Narnia is ruled by the White Witch. Edmund, one of the children, falls under her power. Who can free Narnia? Only Aslan, the great and noble lion. He alone knows the Deeper Magic. But the children themselves must help fight the battle against the White Witch and those who serve her.

The Old Man and the Sea(Ernest Hemingway)

Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman, hasnt caught any fish in more than 80 days. Sailing far out from land, the old man hooks an enormous fish. That begins an agonizing three-day battle. First he struggles against the great fish. Then he must fight off the sharks that circle the little boat and threaten to eat his fish. Exhausted and bleeding, the old man arrives back at shore. But his fish, his beautiful fish...

Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for this superb story of strength and courage, of victory and regret.

A Wrinkle in Time(Madeleine Lingle)

Megs father, a U.S. government scientist, has been missing for many months. He had been experimenting with time travel when he mysteriously disappeared.

Now Meg, her little brother Charles Wallace and her friend Calvin will try to rescue him. But first they must outwit the forces of evil they encounter（遇到） on their journey through time and space. Can they find Megs father before its too late?

This novel is more than just a science fiction adventure. Its an exploration of the nature of our universe.

The Long Winter(Laura Ingalls Wilder)

Its winter, 1880－1881, on Americas northern prairies (大草原). Mr. and Mrs. Ingalls and their four girls stay near the kitchen stove to keep warm. Heavy snowstorms cut them off even from neighbors. With the trains stopped, no supplies can reach the town. Food and fuel are running out. Day after day the girls must grind wheat for bread and twist hay to burn. At times they nearly lose the battle to keep their spirits up.

This story provides a fascinating glimpse into the life of early American settlers.

●In the passage, the author intends to ______.

A. recommend a few simplified versions of classics

B. recommend a few original versions of classics

C. tell us how to find proper English books to read

D. tell us how to read through an English book

解析：由于受第四段“The key is to find the right books. Lets take a look at these.”這一句話的影響，比較多的學(xué)生選擇C。而事實(shí)上，從小標(biāo)題（即書名）可知，這只不過是對(duì)幾本書的簡(jiǎn)介，作者的意圖應(yīng)該是B。

3. 學(xué)會(huì)分辨設(shè)題類型。高考中的閱讀設(shè)題主要考查：（1）理解主旨和要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；（3）根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；（4）作出判斷和推理；（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。[見英語科考試大綱的說明（廣東卷）] 做題時(shí)，可根據(jù)不同類型的題目，運(yùn)用不同的方法。

設(shè)題比較多的是第（2）類，也就是“細(xì)節(jié)題”，解答“細(xì)節(jié)題”，需要在原文找到相關(guān)的信息點(diǎn)，只要細(xì)心，通常不難，但要避免“先入為主”或“憑感覺”去選擇。

第（4）類題多是：Which of the following statements is (NOT) true? 或 What can we infer from the passage? 前者其實(shí)也是屬于“細(xì)節(jié)題”的一種，只不過要在原文中找多個(gè)信息點(diǎn)；如果是要“infer from the passage”，則不在原文中直接陳述出來，這就要看讀者對(duì)原信息的領(lǐng)悟能力了。

對(duì)于第（3）類，猜詞義題，可先從上下文中推斷，使其符合原文意思，前后連貫，如果該詞符合構(gòu)詞法原理，也可通過構(gòu)詞法的知識(shí)去推斷，這樣能更快、更準(zhǔn)確地解題。如A篇的猜詞義題：

The underlined word “outwit” in the passage probably means _____.

A. get rid ofB. take advantage of

C. beat by being clevererD. make the most of

文中的outwit由out和wit（才智、智慧）構(gòu)成，通過構(gòu)詞法的分析，可知C為正確答案。

第（1）類主旨大意題，也常涉及到為短文選擇合適的標(biāo)題，選標(biāo)題除了要考慮文章的主要意思，還要考慮標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：簡(jiǎn)短，吸引讀者等。

第（5）類關(guān)于文章結(jié)構(gòu)的題目不多，如果解答考查篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的題，則要看首段或末段中關(guān)于討論順序或重要性的提示詞，該類題目通常不難。

第（6）類作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的題目，要看文章中作者用詞的褒貶，是客觀反映事實(shí)，反映大眾的意見，還是其個(gè)人的評(píng)論，當(dāng)然也要注意某些諷刺或夸張的語氣，往往這在字里行間可感受到的。

閱讀以下短文，判斷各類型的題目并做出最佳選擇：

Without proper planning, tourism can cause problems. For example, too many tourists can crowd public places that are also enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country. If tourists create too much traffic, the inhabitants become annoyed and unhappy. They begin to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely. They forget how much tourism can help the countrys economy. It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them. Tourism should help a country, keep the customs and beauty that attract tourists. Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness of local inhabitants.

Too much tourism can be a problem. If tourism grows too quickly, people must leave other jobs to work in the tourism industry. This means that other parts of the countrys economy can suffer.

On the other hand, if there is not enough tourism, people can lose jobs. Businesses can also lose money. It costs a great deal of money to build large hotels, airports, air terminals, firs-class roads, and other support facilities needed by tourist attractions. For example, a major international class tourism hotel can cost as much as 50 thousand dollars per room to build. If this room is not used most of the time, the owners of the hotel lose money.

Building a hotel is just a beginning. There must be many support facilities as well, including roads to get to the hotel, electricity, sewers to handle waste, and water. All of these support facilities cost money. If they are not used because there are not enough tourists, jobs and money are lost.

1. Which of the following may have been discussed in the part before this selection？

A. It is extremely important to develop tourism.

B. Building roads and hotels is essential.

C. Support facilities are highly necessary.

D. Planning is of great importance to tourism.

2. The underlined word“inhabitants” probably means ______.

A. tourists B. passengers

C. population D. citizens

3. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A. Tourism Brings Both Benefits and Problems

B. What Will It Become if There Is Too Much Tourism or Not Enough Tourism?

C. Tourism Needs Proper Planning

D. Tourism and Country Development

4. Too much tourism can cause all these problems EXCEPT _______.

A. a bad effect on other industries

B. a change of tourists customs

C. over －crowdedness

D. pressure on traffic

5. It can be inferred from the text that ________.

A. the author doesnt like tourism developing so fast

B. local people will benefit from tourist attraction

C. a countrys economy wont benefit from tourism much

D. we cant build too many support facilities

6. The author thinks it is _____ for local people to know tourism will help improve their life.

A. unnecessary B. hard

C. easy D. good

第1題屬于“理解文章基本結(jié)構(gòu)”題，需知道給出的文段的結(jié)構(gòu)，才能知道上一段可能討論的內(nèi)容。原文分兩大部分：too much tourism; not enough tourism, 并且文章的第一句話屬于承上啟下的句子，因此，正確的選擇為D。

第2題屬于“猜詞義”題，通過上一句話提到too many tourists can crowd public places可知不可能是tourists或passengers，剩下population和citizens兩詞，代進(jìn)原文，不難看出citizens才符合句意。另一方面把該詞拆成in－h(huán)abitants, 通過habitat（居留地、生活環(huán)境）一詞，也能猜出inhabitants與citizens近義。

第3題要求選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題，只有B和C反映了短文的主要內(nèi)容，但B選項(xiàng)表示文章的大意尚可，作為標(biāo)題不如C選項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)練和一目了然，因此，最佳答案為C。

第4題屬于“細(xì)節(jié)”題，須在文章1，2段（這兩段討論too much tourism）找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)：A選項(xiàng)信息點(diǎn)在第2段最后一句：This means that other parts of the countrys economy can suffer. C選項(xiàng)信息點(diǎn)在第1段第二句：...too many tourists can crowd public places... D選項(xiàng)信息點(diǎn)在第1段第三句：If tourists create too much traffic... 因此，這一題選B。

第5題是“推斷”題，整篇文章討論了“如果沒有合理的規(guī)劃，旅游業(yè)過度發(fā)展或不足都會(huì)帶來各種各樣的問題”，但文章中滲透了“旅游業(yè)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展的好處”的表達(dá)：They forget how much tourism can help the countrys economy. Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness of local inhabitants.（第1段）因此，不難推斷：local people will benefit from tourist attraction（B選項(xiàng)）。

第6題屬于“作者意圖、態(tài)度”題，從作者對(duì)“旅游業(yè)要恰當(dāng)規(guī)劃”的討論中可看到，作者的觀點(diǎn)是：旅游業(yè)必須有規(guī)劃才能帶來好處，如果人們意識(shí)不到這一點(diǎn)，旅游業(yè)就會(huì)無度發(fā)展，帶來一系列的問題，所以The author thinks it good for local people to know tourism will help improve their life.（該題選D）。

以上提出了做閱讀理解題的一些方法和建議，同學(xué)們要在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中多加體會(huì)，多總結(jié)并結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際情況形成自己有效的做題方法和好的習(xí)慣。

責(zé)任編校蔣小青