談談圖表類說明文的寫作技巧

葉曉靖

圖表類作文的特點是提示語言少但信息量大而且零散，對考生在考場上短時間內整理、組織信息的能力要求較高，因此難度也較大。但此類作文的方法是不難掌握的，以下是筆者總結的一些圖表類作文的解題步驟及技巧，供各位考生參考。

一、審題三部曲：

1. 一審對象：明確文章主題，確定闡述對象。

2. 二審數據：把握變化規律，揣摩蘊含信息。

3. 三審時態：描述過去情況時使用一般過去時，而發表個人看法或者結尾總結時應使用一般現在時。

二、寫作三部曲

1. 漂亮第一句，有章可循。

The table/chart shows that ...

The figures/statistics demonstrate/reveal that...

It can be seen from the figures that...

We can see from the table/chart that ...

The graph shows the changes in the number of...over the period from...to...

2. 積累分析數據的句型，寫好第二、三、四句。

①描述上升：

The number sharply/ rapidly/slowly /steadily went up/rose / increased/ grew to...

The figures reached the peaks in the year...

②描述下降：

The number sharply/rapidly/slowly /steadilydropped/ reduced/ decreased/ to ...

The figures reached the bottom in the year...

③描述數據平穩過渡、無變化：

The number of...stayed the same between... and...

The number of... remained the same.

④ 描述對比：

詞組：as...as; ...times + the height/length/width of...; less than, more than, the same as, similar to, equal to; be twice / three times more than; be half as ... as

句型：

In comparison with that in ..., the percentage of ... decreased by...

The number of ... increased slightly and the number of ... declined slightly.

連接詞：while, but, on the contrary, however, in contrast to

3. 第五句：結尾句做總結。

詞組：in a word, in short, to sum up, in all, altogether, generally speaking, in my opinion / view ...

句型：From the figures/statistics above, we can see/conclude/draw a conclusion that ...

三、實例分析

[例1]自1970年至1990年，中國農民個人收入穩步增長，特別是改革開放政策大大促進了農村經濟發展。請你根據下面圖表及漢語提示，用五個句子描述其變化，并簡述其原因。

參考詞匯： 圖表 graph 改革開放reform and opening up

審題過程

一看對象：農民個人收入隨時間而發生的變化；

二看數據：呈現總體增長，隨著時間的推移，收入增長幅度也越快，這是數據體現出來比較明顯的特征，以時間為順序描述即可；

三看時態：由于橫坐標上的年份都是過去的時間，應該使用一般過去時。

磨刀不誤砍柴工，必須在短時間內做好以上幾個審題步驟，然后才可以動筆寫作。

參考范文

The graph reveals that the farmers personal income increased steadily from 1970 to 1990. （第一句總起導入）We can see that the number began to go up since 1975, when the annual income was only 180 yuan. But the number has rose up to 640 yuan ten years later. In the next 20 years, the farmers income grew more rapidly and finally reached 980yuan in 1990. （第二、三、四句數據分析）From the statistics above, we can draw a conclusion that the reform and opening policy resulted in the rapid increase of farmers income. （最后一句總結）

[例2]最近，同學們都在討論如何在高三緊張的學習氛圍中保持良好的心理狀態，以下是所搜集到的有關舒緩學習壓力方法的餅形數據圖，請根據以下調查結果，寫一份簡單的調查報告，用五個句子表達全部內容。

審題過程

一看對象：舒緩壓力的方法；選擇某種方式的原因；

二看數據：按照百分比占有率從大到小為順序；

三看時態：由于闡述的是關于調查結果的事實，文章應該使用一般現在時。

參考范文

Recently we have made a survey of our classmates about their views on how to relieve heavy pressure of study in Senior 3. 85% of the interviewees intend to turn to their parents, teachers or friends for help and advice, because those are all they can truly rely on. 10% choose to relax themselves by listening to the music or writing a diary. In their opinion, they prefer to adjust themselves on their own. However, there are still the other 5% who dont know how to deal with the pressure they meet and always feel unhappy about life.

責任編校蔣小青