高中英語語法系列導(dǎo)學(xué)——名詞

劉守君

【知識梳理】

名詞(noun)是用來表示人、事物、地點、現(xiàn)象及其它抽象概念等名稱的詞。學(xué)習(xí)或復(fù)習(xí)名詞,需掌握以下幾個要點:

一、名詞的分類

二、名詞的數(shù)

可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)分,當(dāng)數(shù)量大于一時就要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。可數(shù)名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)有以下種情況:

1. 規(guī)則變化

2. 不規(guī)則變化

溫馨提示

(1)絕對不可數(shù)名詞。

可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞往往是相對的,比如抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞雖然無法用數(shù)字計算,屬不可數(shù)名詞,但表示種類或者具體化時卻可能有復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),如“difficulties”表示“各種各樣的困難,難辦的事”;或者在前面加a/an,如a coffee表示“一杯咖啡”,“A knowledge of history is important for us.”中的“a knowledge of history”表示“對歷史知識有一定的了解”。

以下名詞可稱作“絕對不可數(shù)名詞”,前面不加a/an, 詞尾沒有-s,其謂語永遠用單數(shù):advice, news, information, homework, fun, progress, rubbish, garbage, money, furniture, luggage, bread, music, jewelry, clothing, equipment等。

(2)永遠以復(fù)數(shù)形式呈現(xiàn)的名詞。

thanks和congratulations作名詞用時,幾乎永遠都是復(fù)數(shù)形式,可能這樣才能表達出說話者的盛情。

三、名詞的格

【靈活運用】

一、語篇識別從下列短文中選出盡可能多的個體名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞和專有名詞,并將其分別填入文后的表格中。

Who Really Discovered America?

Was Columbus really the first explorer to discover the Americas? The great Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl didn't think so. He believed that ancient people were able to build boats that could cross oceans.

To test his ideas, Heyerdahl decided to build a copy of the reed boats pictured in ancient Egyptian paintings and sail across the Atlantic from North Africa to Barbados. Heyerdahl's team also copied ancient Middle Eastern pots and filled them with enough food for their journey—dried fish, honey, oil, some eggs and nuts, and a little fresh fruit. Ra, the expedition's boat, carried an international group including a Norwegian, an Egyptian, an Italian, a Mexican, and a Chadian.

On May 25, 1969, Ra left Safi in Morocco and headed across the widest part of the Atlantic. Ra fell apart just before it reached Barbados, but everyone survived and wanted to try again.

On May 17, 1970, Ra II, sailing under the flag of the United Nations, successfully crossed the Atlantic in 57 days. The expedition proved that ancient civilizations had enough skill to reach the Americas long before Columbus did.

二、語法填空 按照下面句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性,在空格處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. Every means ________(try) to make him give up smoking. But I failed.

2. ________ fun it is to jump into water and swim on a hot summer day!

3. Give Mary my ________(congratulate) and tell her Ill come soon.

4. The cattle ________(be) going to be sold with the farm.

5. So many ________(country), so many customs.

6. These clothes ________(be) the latest fashion, so I think youll like them.

7. A crossroads of life ________(lie) in front of me and I dont know what to do.

8. The family ________(delight) with their presents.

9. He left without a word of ________(thank), which made all of us confused.

10. You wont find any good ________(tomato) in that basket, theyve been well picked over.

三、完成句子根據(jù)漢語意思完成英文句子,注意劃線部分的正確表達。

1. 這棟大樓里有許多女警官上班。

There are a lot of _______________________ working in the building.

2. 湯姆去他的醫(yī)生那里就其心臟病征求意見。

Tom went to his doctor _______________________ about his heart trouble.

3. 那邊的那位女士是簡和瑪麗的母親。

The lady over there is _______________________.

4. 有一則消息可能會使你感興趣。

Theres _______________________ that might interest you.

5. 房間里面滿是家具。

The room is ______________________.

6. 恐怕我們取得的進步不大。

Im afraid were not______________________.

7. 這條道路上最近發(fā)生了一系列的交通事故。

Theres been ______________________ on this road recently.

8. 我家距學(xué)校開車15分鐘的路程。

Its ___________________________ by car from my home to my school.

9. 我昨天在書店選了許多兒童圖書。

I picked up a lot of ________________________ at the book store yesterday.

10. 我們學(xué)校有130位老師,其中包括65位女老師。

There are _____________________________________

in our school.

參考答案

一、語篇識別

二、語法填空

1. was tried。means作方法解時,單復(fù)數(shù)同形,題中every 后的名詞是單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

2. What。fun為不可數(shù)名詞,所以感嘆句用what,而不是what a或how引出。

3. congratulations。在形容詞性物主代詞后,一定是用名詞形式。注意congratulations一是永遠用復(fù)數(shù)形式,二是與on搭配。

4. are。cattle和police都是集體名詞,謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)。

5. countries。在many后一定是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。以“輔音字母 + y”結(jié)尾的名詞要變“y”為“i”,再加“-s”。

6. are。clothes是集體名詞,不是一件一件的衣服。

7. lies。crossroads表示的是由四個不同方向的路交叉而成的路,雖然是復(fù)數(shù)形式,但是單數(shù)意義。也可以寫作crossroad。

8. are delighted。集體名詞family在此表示所有個體,因此是復(fù)數(shù)意義。

9.thanks。復(fù)數(shù)形式的thanks才能表現(xiàn)出濃濃的謝意。

10. tomatoes。由they可知,tomato要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。以“輔音字母 + o”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時要加“-es”。

三、完成句子

1. women police officers

2. for advice

3. Jane and Marys mother

4. an item/piece of news

5. full of furniture

6. making much progress

7. a series of traffic accidents

8. 15 minutes ride

9. childrens books

10. 130 teachers, including 65 women teachers

責(zé)任編校蔣小青