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代孕成風?

2009-12-31 00:00:00
瘋狂英語·口語版 2009年10期

近年來,茱莉亞·羅伯茨、詹妮弗·洛佩茲等好萊塢的大牌影星們回歸本性,開始養兒育女。不過,如今懷孕生子不再是過去傳統的母體受精、十月懷胎,隨著新科技的應用,試管嬰兒、代孕生子等方式應運而生。

這廂,憑借《欲望都市》紅遍全球的時尚教主莎拉·杰西卡·派克通過代孕而生的雙胞胎女兒呱呱墜地;那廂,生下女兒,身材卻毫不變樣的陳慧琳也被卷入用“代孕媽媽”產女的疑云。一時間,代孕,這個20世紀70年代興起的醫學科技再次進入人們的焦點。

其實,代孕作為醫學進步而言固然是可喜的,畢竟它為不孕不育的患者提供了一線孕育兒女的希望,但是當它為明星所運用,越來越成為一種潮流,甚至形成一種產業時,它的道德性、倫理性也漸漸受到質疑。究竟,十月懷胎的母親竟然與自己沒有任何血緣關系,而親生母親卻不用經歷孕育生命的過程,這種與倫理、常識相違的行為能不能被廣泛地接受,我們將繼續關注。對于這個話題,親愛的讀者朋友們又是怎么看的呢?歡迎大家上口語版官博(http://csblogs.blog.163.com/)留言討論!

Host: This week Sarah Jessica Parker and her husband Matthew Broderick revealed they’re expecting twins with the help of a surrogate mother. The Sex and the City star and her husband join a long line of celebrities—and regular folks—who’ve chosen this path to parenthood. As NBC’s Rehema Ellis reports, surrogacy has become a booming industry.

(News Report)

The star of Sex and the City and her real-life leading man have joined a growing list of the rich-and-famous expanding their families through surrogacy, but it’s not just for celebrities. Michael and Melissa Mussman’s six-month old son Sean was born through a surrogate mother using a 2)donor egg and the father’s 3)sperm.

Melissa Mussman: I had gone through 4)radiation treatments and really didn’t know what the inside looked like…there was a lot of damage done to that area. I just didn’t want to transfer an 5)embryo and then 6)miscarry.

Surrogacy became a widespread option for parenting in the 1970s with 7)in vitro fertilization. There are no precise numbers on how many occur each year, because despite the celebrity 8)fanfare around surrogacy, not everyone tells. Several states, including New York, New Jersey, Michigan, and the District of Columbia refuse to recognize surrogacy contracts at all. That’s why the Mussmans, a Brooklyn couple, hired a surrogate in Illinois, where the practice is recognized.

Michael Mussman: In the state of New York, it is illegal to compensate someone to carry a baby for you.

Parker and Broderick’s twin daughters are expected to be born this summer through surrogacy, a practice that’s giving more and more people a way to parent.

Host: And joining us this morning are some women who have had children through surrogacy. You probably recognize Joan Lunden, the longest-running host of early morning television, currently hosting Health Corner on Lifetime. She’s also the mother of two sets of twins through a surrogate—Max and Kate, and Kim and Jack. Also joining us is Surrogate Attorney Melissa Brisman, who had three children with the help of a surrogate. Ladies, great to have you, good morning to both of you.

Lunden and Brisman: Nice to be here.

Host: Joan, you were one of the first to talk about this publicly, and I wonder at the time if you thought there would be some kind of 9)backlash, or if people would….you point out people said “Oh, she must be selfish for having another woman wanting to carry the baby.”

Lunden: Um…to me the having of children is the

10)antithesis of being selfish, and, you know, these days we are a generation that is having trouble 11)conceiving. So these are medical miracles that are wonderful, that give

12)viable options to people. I talked about it because, quite clearly, I knew I couldn’t come in under the radar with this one, but also because, you know, you usually hear on the news only the sad stories, the terrible endings, and I wanted there to be some 13)counterbalance. We had a wonderful experience. If you do it right, you do your homework, and you get, you know, good legal help so that contracts are drawn up ahead of time, you can have a wonderful experience and end up with the babies, and that’s what it’s all about, it’s parenting.

Host: Have…have…have the celebrities we’re talking about now, the Dennis Quaids, the Angela Bassetts, has that helped the cause or hurt it, do you think?

Lunden: Well maybe it brings it out so it’s talked about, certainly I’m here today, you asked me to be here today. The only thing I worry about is this 14)sensationalistic 15)scrutiny of how they go about it. They ask questions that, quite frankly, your neighbor shouldn’t ask you, let alone the public who doesn’t even know you, and I always worry that it might discourage a woman out there from using a viable option that’s available to her, so that’s why I always want to bring it back to center. This is about creating families, and if she was getting a heart transplant, or a liver transplant, we wouldn’t be questioning her motives!

Host: Melissa, when a young couple comes to you and looks for advice…I mean this is a process, right? (Brisman: Absolutely!) It’s gonna cost them a fair amount of money and it’s gonna take a lot of time, (Brisman: Absolutely!) so what do you tell them?

Brisman: Well, the first thing I go over is the whole process and how emotional it is, because it’s really not usually a question of whether or not you can have a baby this way because it is a viable option, but it comes with a host of emotions, and things, and all sorts of people that need to be put together…It really does take a small village, but it is a viable option. And lay people do it all the time in our office, and we find over 200 carriers a year for couples, and they’re all your normal everyday couples, with the exception of a few celebrities that come through, and they’re no different than anybody else. A celebrity who comes, and an ordinary couple, they want the same thing; they want a family.

Host: But Joan, you know, you know, to some degree it’s still controversial, because it’s legal aspects wrapped up in emotional aspects, right? If the…if the 16)gestational carrier wants to reduce if it’s twins, that’s gonna be her right, yes?

Lunden: Yeah, now you just hit on something, though. I think the safest way to go, for anybody out there that’s considering it, is having a gestational carrier who is not related, so that she’s not related to the baby, and yes, you have to decide everything up front. If you put in more than one embryo are you going to do selective reduction? You both have to agree. How much contact are you going to have during the pregnancy? And afterwards, I mean, our surrogate Deborah Bolig, she was out in Ohio, one of the states that’s, you know, good for this. She’s a part of our lives. You know, she’ll get flowers…

Host: You still keep in contact?

Lunden: Oh on Mother’s Day coming up she’s getting flowers from us! She is very much a part of our family, and I want our children to know her and to…to be thankful for what she did.

主持人:這周,莎拉·杰西卡·帕克和她丈夫馬修·布魯德里克透露說他們正在等待一對通過代孕母親產下的雙胞胎的到來。這位憑借《欲望都市》出名的影星和她的丈夫也因此加入了一長串名人的行列——當然還有普通人——選擇通過代孕的方式來孕育自己的寶寶。(美國)全國有線電視臺的雷赫瑪·艾利斯報道說,代孕產子正迅速發展成為一個新興

產業。

(新聞報道)

這位《欲望都市》的影星和她現實生活中的男主角最近也選擇通過代孕的方式來迎接新的家庭成員,成為不斷壯大的選擇代孕產子的富豪名流隊伍中的一員,不過,代孕并不是富豪名流們的專利。邁克爾·馬斯曼和梅麗莎·馬斯曼剛滿6個月的兒子肖恩,就是通過他父親的精子和一顆捐贈的卵子結合,并由一位代孕媽媽孕育出來的。

梅麗莎·馬斯曼:我曾接受過放射治療,所以不知道子宮內部究竟怎么樣了……那塊區域有大片的損傷。我不想把一個胚胎植入體內,到時卻遭遇流產。

與試管嬰兒一樣,20世紀70年代,代孕產子也迅速發展成為孕育生命的另一個途徑。盡管關于明星名流尋求代孕產子的新聞不斷,普通人卻選擇緘口不言,因此,也沒有一個確切的數字表明每年有多少人選擇了代孕這種方式。包括紐約州、新澤西州、密西根州以及哥倫比亞特區在內的一些州份并不承認代孕合同的合法性。這正是這對居住在(紐約)布魯克林區的馬斯曼夫婦要去伊利諾斯州雇傭一個代孕媽媽的原因,因為代孕行為在伊利諾斯州是得到法律認可的。

邁克爾·馬斯曼:在紐約州,雇傭他人來為你孕育孩子是違法的。

帕克和布魯德里克的雙胞胎女兒將在今年夏天通過代孕媽媽的肚子而誕生,而代孕產子也為更多的人提供了另一條成為父母的途徑。

主持人:今天與我們聊天的是幾位通過代孕的途徑而擁有自己骨肉的母親。你們大概還記得瓊安·蘭登,晨間節目資歷最深的主持人,目前在Lifetime頻道主持《健康廣角》節目。她同時也是兩對雙胞胎——馬克思和凱特、金和杰克的母親,她的孩子都通過代孕的方式誕生于世。另外一位嘉賓是代孕機構經紀人梅麗莎·布里斯曼,她的三個孩子也通過代孕媽媽而生。女士們,很高興你們來到這里,早上好。

蘭登與布里斯曼:很高興能到這兒來。

主持人:瓊安,你是最早公開討論這件事的人,我很好奇,在當時,你是否想過會聽到一些反對的聲音,或者說人們會……你會聽到人們說:“噢,她真是自私,竟然讓另一個女人幫她生孩子。”

蘭登:呃……對我來說,生養孩子這件事恰恰是最不自私的表現,而且,你知道,到了今時今日,我們這一代已經很難再成功懷孕了。所以這些(指代孕生子)就是醫學神話,它是多么美好,它為人們提供了可繼續生育的選擇余地。我之所以會(公開)討論這個是因為,很顯然,這個事情遲早會被發現,另外,你知道,我們經常從新聞里聽到那些悲傷的故事、很凄涼的結局,我希望能對這種情況作出一些改變。我們的經歷就很愉快。如果你通過正確的渠道,認真做好研究工作,那你就會得到,你知道,一些很好的合法的建議和幫助讓你能在預計時間之前就擬好合同,你會得到一個很好的經歷,最終迎來你的寶寶,而這就是一切的過程,這就是孕育生命。

主持人:那些……那些……我們現在談論的這幾位名人,如丹尼斯·奎德夫婦、安吉拉·貝賽特夫婦,他們(通過代孕產子)是對這件事(代孕)有所幫助,還是有所傷害呢,你怎么看?

蘭登:嗯,可以說他們讓事情浮出水面,所以它也引起了廣泛的討論,當然,這也是我今天到這里來,你邀請我到這里來的原因。我唯一擔心的是那些人(指輿論或人們)會對這件事的進展進行刨根挖底的調查。他們會問一些,我坦白地說,你的鄰居絕不可能開口問你的問題,更別提那些對你絲毫不了解的公眾。我常常會擔心這會打擊女人的勇氣,使她們打消采取這些可行的途徑來孕育自己孩子的勇氣。這也是我為什么一直要把它(代孕)帶回輿論中心的原因。這事關建立一個家庭的問題,如果她接受的是心臟,或者肝臟移植手術,那么我們都不會質疑她的

動機!

主持人:梅麗莎,當一對年輕的夫婦來找你,希望你能提供一些建議……我是說,這是一個過程,對吧?(布里斯曼:完全正確!)他們需要支付一筆不菲的費用,而且耗時頗長,(布里斯曼:沒錯!)那你都是怎么跟他們溝通的呢?

布里斯曼:嗯,我跟他們說的第一點就是代孕的整個過程,并告知他們這是一個相當情緒化的過程,因為這不是簡簡單單一個你能不能有孩子的問題,事實已經證明它(代孕)是可行的,但它是一個需要把情緒、方方面面的事情以及各種各樣的人都結合在一起考慮的事情……它的確需要動員很多東西,但它是一個可行的選擇。在我們的辦公廳里經常可見許多普通人,而每年我們也找到超過200個代孕媽媽人選為這些夫婦們提供服務。這些人都是普通夫婦,只有少數幾對名人夫婦,但他們也與其他人無異。一個名人,或者一對普通夫婦所要求的東西都是一樣的,他們想要一個家庭。

主持人:但瓊安,你知道,你知道,從某個角度來講,它(代孕)仍然充滿爭議,除了法律層面之外還有情感層面的東西,對不?如果……如果代孕媽媽得知她必須懷的是雙胞胎而不想接受的話,這也是她的權利,是嗎?

蘭登:對,你說到了重點。我想對于那些在考慮代孕生子這個方式的人來說,最安全的方法就是找一個跟你沒有任何關系的人來孕育你的寶寶,這樣她就跟寶寶沒有任何關聯了。當然了,你必須事先把所有事情都考慮清楚。如果你把一顆以上的受精卵植入體內,你是否要作選擇刪減呢?你們雙方的意見都必須一致才行。在她(代孕媽媽)懷孕期間,你們之間的聯系密度有多高?到最后,我是說,我們的代孕媽媽黛博拉·勃利格,她住在俄亥俄州,那是少數幾個,你知道,把代孕行為合法化的州份之一,她現在成為我們生活的一部分。你知道,她還會收到花……

主持人:你們還保持聯系?

蘭登:哦,在母親節到來的時候她還能收到我們送的花!她現在成了我們家的一份子,我希望我的孩子們都認識她,都能……對她所做的一切心存感激。

道德的兩難抉擇:代孕究竟對不對?

Opinion 1

From what I’ve heard, you have to be a millionaire to go through with it. If you are loaded, go for it. If you are strapped for cash, you’ll have to find another option.

Tips: 代孕產子雖然越來越流行,但畢竟費用不菲,并不是所有人都承擔得起。對于那些富得流油(be loaded)的人來說,代孕自然是選擇之一,但對于那些錢根緊縮、日子過得緊巴巴(be strapped for cash)的人而言,恐怕還得另找出路了。

Opinion 2

Look at these celebrities. They don’t want to take time off work or ruin their careers by getting preggers, so they get someone to do it for them. If they are so busy, they shouldn’t be having kids.

Tips: 普通夫婦選擇代孕產子的最大動機可能是不孕不育,相比而言,名人們的動機就復雜得多。許多明星是為了不影響自己的演藝事業而放棄十月懷胎生子的機會,轉而尋求代孕媽媽幫忙。get preggers = get pregnant。preggers是英國俚語,表示懷孕的。不過說話者顯然對這種行為不甚贊成,她認為,既然明星們那么忙,那他們根本就不應該養孩子。

Opinion 3

Of course it’s right! Surrogacy is giving children to couples who wouldn’t be able to have children otherwise. If you don’t agree, you need your head read.

Tips: 作為一項醫學進步,代孕的確給那些無法生育的人帶來了福音。這位說話者甚至偏激地說,誰不同意這個說法,他的腦子一定出問題了(you need your head read)。“read”這個詞在這里表示掃描腦電波的意思,因此,“you need your head read/examined”也就通常意譯為“你腦子出問題了/腦子進水了”等意思。

Opinion 4

There are so many children who need homes already in the world. Infertile couples should be adopting.

Tips: 這位說話者認為這個世界上需要家庭溫暖的孩子已經夠多了,無法生育的夫婦們(infertile couples)認養孩子就好啦,又何必苦苦強求于代孕生子呢?

Opinion 5

I read about that singer, Clay Aiken. He got his friend to put a bun in the oven for him. Now the gays think they can start a family. It’s not natural.

Tips: 《美國偶像》第二季亞軍克萊·艾肯早前大方承認自己是“男同性戀(gay)”,并通過試管嬰兒的方式把自己的精子和他好朋友、音樂制作人Jaymes Foster的卵子結合。如今他已經擁有自己的兒子,開始了他的家庭生活。“to put a bun in the oven”就是使某人受孕的意思,多數用于非自然受孕的情

況下。

Opinion 6

These surrogate mothers are poor women who are getting knocked up for cash. It’s absolute exploitation!

Tips: 我們關注代孕,關注那些尋求代孕幫助的群體,卻很少關注提供代孕服務的這一群代孕媽媽。這類人一般都是為了生計(be knocked up for cash)而出賣肚皮的人,比如現在印度出現的代孕媽媽群體,她們提供代孕服務的收入可達到普通人年收入的10倍。不過相比起她們必須承擔的艱辛和付出的情感來說,這點收入就顯得微不足道了。怪不得說話者要大呼“這真是剝削啊!”(It’s absolute exploitation!)

Opinion 7

Sometimes adoption has too many hoops to jump through. Everyone has the right to have a child that is biologically theirs. Surrogacy is making genuine, loving families.

Tips: 前面有人提到領養,其實領養的過程也是條款多多、障礙重重。“jump through hoops”就表示要付出很多努力才能得到你想要的東西或達到你想要的程度。再說了,每個人都有權利擁有一個與自己有血緣關系的孩子。因此,代孕能夠造就更多相親相愛的家庭呢。

Opinion 8

Regardless of how a baby comes into this world, the only thing we need to worry about is that the baby is loved and cared for. As long as Bubs is the priority, everything else is inconsequential.

Tips: 不管小孩子是通過何種途徑來到這世上的,我們關心的只是他能不能得到關愛。只要我們把關注的重點放在孩子上,其他事情再不符合邏輯都沒關系。Bubs是美國口語,表示“小家伙、小弟弟”。

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