王小燕,史道華
(1.福建醫科大學福總臨床醫學院,福州市 350025;2.南京軍區福州總醫院藥學科,福州市 350025)
卡馬西平是臨床上常用的一線抗癲癇藥物,應用廣泛。但因治療窗口較窄和個體差異性,卡馬西平給藥劑量常常難以預測、把握。研究表明,基因多態性可導致藥物療效差異[1],是影響給藥劑量確定的重要因素之一。
藥物基因組學(Pharmacogenomics)主要研究與藥物療效及不良反應相關的基因多態性,指導臨床開出“基因合適”的處方,使患者得到最佳治療效果,從而達到真正“個體化用藥”的目的[2]。卡馬西平的療效與作用靶標、轉運體、代謝酶、人類白細胞抗原的基因多態性有關[3]。本文著重就卡馬西平藥物基因組學研究進展綜述如下。
卡馬西平主要作用于Na+通道,能夠抑制癲癇灶及其周圍神經元放電。Na+通道由1個α亞基和多個β亞基構成。α亞基作為主體形成通道孔,由4個高度同源性的跨膜結構域(Ⅰ~Ⅳ)組成,每個結構域含有6個α螺旋跨膜區(S1~S6)。其中,S4區含5~8個帶正電荷的氨基酸殘基,稱為“電壓感受區”,當膜電位發生變化時,S4螺旋構型即發生變化。Na+通道基因SCN1A、SCN2A分別編碼電壓門控Na+通道的α1亞基和α2亞基,其基因多態性與卡馬西平療效有關[4]。
Tate SK等[5]在425例歐洲籍癲癇患者中發現Na+通道上SCN1A(rs3812718)G突變為A與卡馬西平的給藥劑量有關。此基因突變頻率為0.45,位于靠近外顯子5的高度保守部位,影響外顯子5的表達。因外顯子5編碼結構域Ⅰ中的S4區域,此變異可能通過影響電壓感受區,從而影響藥物效應[3]。這一基因多態性與給藥劑量的關系頗受爭議。有研究[6,7]表明,AA基因型患者卡馬西平每日給藥劑量顯著高于GG基因型患者(1313 mg vs.1083 mg)。然而,Zimprich等[8]對369例澳大利亞患者進行研究,結果并未發現卡馬西平劑量與此基因型具有明顯的關聯性。Lakhan等[4]對496例北印度人SCN2A(rs17183814)進行研究,表明G突變為A與癲癇患者耐藥有關。Sill等[9]對400例蘇格蘭患者研究,也發現了此相關性。但Makmor-Bakry等[10]研究卻表明,此基因多態性與卡馬西平的維持劑量無關[8]。
藥物轉運體是能與特定的藥物結合,并將其轉運出細胞的一類蛋白,包括ATP結合盒式蛋白(ATP binding cassette protein,ABC)家族轉運體,如P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)、多藥耐藥相關蛋白(multidrug resistance-associated protein,MRP)和Ras超家族成員,如RLIP 76等。在難治性癲癇患者中,大腦血腦屏障上藥物轉運體高度表達,藥物外排增加,阻止了藥物進入中樞,導致卡馬西平靶濃度降低[11],但此現象不能完全解釋卡馬西平療效的個體差異性。
P-gp是一種跨膜糖蛋白,由MDR1基因編碼,在肝、腎、胎盤、腸、血腦屏障、腦脊液屏障等組織或器官中表達[12,13]。Nishimura等[14]研究顯示,P-gp可導致海人酸(kainic acid)誘導的癲癇模型小鼠中樞內卡馬西平濃度降低。Volk等[15]發現,耐藥性癲癇小鼠與非耐藥癲癇小鼠相比,血腦屏障血管內皮細胞上P-gp過度表達。
P-gp 26號外顯子3435位點的C突變為T可導致P-gp表達下降[16]。Siddiqui等[17]提出,英國人群P-gp 3435位的CC基因型可能與癲癇耐藥有關。有學者分別在北印度和土耳其人群中重復類似研究,未能得出MDR13435位基因多態性與癲癇耐藥的關系[18,19]。而Seo等[20]卻發現210例日本癲癇患者TT基因型與癲癇耐藥相關。此外,12號外顯子1236 C突變為T、21號外顯子2677 G突變為T/A與3435 C突變為T,存在強烈的連鎖不平衡關系[21]。
MRP為有機陰離子轉運體,在肝、腎、腸、胎盤、腦血腦屏障等組織或器官中表達[22]。Schinke等[23]研究表明,MRP和P-gp在底物特異性方面有交叉,許多藥物同時是這2個轉運體的底物。大鼠應用MRP抑制劑后,其腦內卡馬西平血藥濃度顯著增加[24]。Belgley等[25]研究顯示,MRP 2與P-gp表達產物分布位置一致,均在血腦屏障上的血管內皮細胞腔面表達,而MRP 1、MRP 3、MRP 5則在基底膜外側表達[13],因此,只有MRP 2可能對藥物進入中樞有影響。
Ito等[26]發現,MRP 2有6個突變位點。5’端非翻譯區的24位C突變為T(突變率為0.18),可能導致MRP 2表達量及活性的上調[27]。Ufer等[28]等發現,高加索難治性癲癇患者此突變率顯著上調,還可能與ABCB 1代償性上調有關[29]。Meyer等[30]指出,1249位G突變為A可導致417位纈氨酸變為異亮氨酸,與妊娠婦女胎盤MRP 2表達量下降有關(突變率為0.125~0.22)[27]。而kim[31]等研究發現,韓國人此基因多態性與癲癇耐藥無關聯。
RLIP 76為Ral結合蛋白,非ABC家族成員,分子量為76 kd,位于常染色體18pl1.3上,含有11個外顯子和9個內含子。主要作用是調節細胞的內攝、移動、內吞作用。Awasthi等[32]認為,RLIP 76蛋白在大腦血腦屏障上內皮細胞膜管腔表面表達。在已敲除RLIP 76蛋白的大鼠中注射卡馬西平,可出現嚴重的神經毒性。此外,RLIP 76很少在正常大腦組織實質細胞或血管內表達,但在癲癇患者的血管內皮細胞內卻顯著大量表達[32]。然而有學者[33,34]研究表明,RLIP 76的6種基因多態性(rs1979368、rs1561998、rs2028660、rs1813100、rs329007、rs167897,突變頻率分別為 0.489、0.533、0.522、0.534、0.398、0.021)與中樞卡馬西平血藥濃度并無關聯。
卡馬西平的體內代謝復雜,經環氧化物水解酶(microsomal epoxide hydrolase,mEH)、細胞色素 P450(CYP 450)中的CYP3A4、CYP3A5及尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸轉移酶(uridine 5’-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases,UGT)中的 UGT2B7等酶代謝。卡馬西平先經CYP3A4代謝成具有活性的卡馬西平環氧化物,再通過微粒體環氧化物水解酶轉化為無活性的卡馬西平二元醇或經UGT2B7轉化為葡糖醛酸化合物,最終以游離或結合的形式隨尿液排出。
CYP3A4是人類肝臟及腸道中一種主要的CYP 450酶,約占成人肝臟CYP 450酶總量的25%。現已發現CYP3A4變體種類近20種,且種族差異性大。Makmor-Bakry等[10]研究發現,71例蘇格蘭癲癇患者,CYP3A4基因多態性與卡馬西平給藥劑量無關。微粒體環氧化物水解酶是一種重要的生物轉化的Ⅱ相代謝酶,該酶定位于人類染色體1q42.1,由EPHX 1基因編碼,具有高度保守性,可催化多種環氧化中間產物水解為更易溶于水的反式二氫二醇。EPHX 1外顯子3的337 T突變為C(頻率為0.453),可導致卡馬西平羥基化/環氧化物比例增高,而外顯子4的416 A突變為G(頻率為0.135),則導致卡馬西平羥基化/環氧化比例降低[10,35]。UGT2B7主要介導卡馬西平的葡萄糖醛酸化,是一種重要的Ⅱ相代謝酶。UGT2B7的802位C突變為T,可導致蘇氨酸突變為組氨酸,基因突變頻率為0.11,然而并未發現此代謝酶的基因多態性與卡馬西平維持劑量有關[10]。
卡馬西平可引起皮疹,包括輕度的斑丘疹(MPE)以及嚴重危及生命的皮疹(SCR),如Stevens-Johnson綜合征(SJS)、中毒性表皮壞死溶解(TEN)和藥物超敏綜合征(HSS)。研究表明,SCR的死亡率高達30%,且>90%的SCR發生在卡馬西平使用的前2個月內,因此對患者的健康造成了極大的威脅。
Hung等[36]研究顯示,HLA-B*1502在卡馬西平引起的SJS/TEN中一定出現,而在卡馬西平應用后無皮疹人群僅為3%,且與代謝酶基因多態性無關。Locharernkul等[37]認為,HLA-B*1502與卡馬西平引起的MPE和HSS基因無關,因此可以用來預測卡馬西平引起的SJS/TEN反應。Lonjou等[38]發現,卡馬西平誘導的與HLA-B*1502基因相關的SJS/TEN只在亞洲人中表現,而在高加索人中無此現象。因此,美國食品與藥物管理局(FDA)于2007年提出亞洲地區首次服用卡馬西平的患者,應進行HLA-B*1502基因型檢測,以避免卡馬西平導致的嚴重不良反應[39,40]。
運用藥物基因組學指導癲癇患者用藥已成趨勢,國內、外學者雖有一系列研究,但難以評估合并用藥、生活環境的差異等對試驗結果造成的影響。因試驗設計不規范,不同研究結果難以比較且有重復。與卡馬西平用藥相關的基因變異眾多,而現有的研究大多集中于單個基因的變異。面對復雜的癲癇疾病,要真正實現卡馬西平個體化用藥,藥物基因組學研究還需不斷深入。
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