王偉 廖專 董元航 李兆申 張文俊 王麗華 鄒多武 金震東
·論著·
慢性胰腺炎胰腺鈣化與煙酒關系初探
王偉 廖專 董元航 李兆申 張文俊 王麗華 鄒多武 金震東
目的探討國內慢性胰腺炎(CP)患者煙酒攝入量與發生胰腺鈣化間的關系。方法按入院時有無胰腺鈣化分為兩組進行比較分析,再將無胰腺鈣化者出院后有無新發胰腺鈣化分為新發組和持續無鈣化組。Logistic回歸或Cox比例風險模型進行逐步回歸分析胰腺鈣化的風險因素。結果1997年1月到2007年7月共收治并成功隨訪449例CP患者,248例有胰腺鈣化;201例無胰腺鈣化,其中13例出院后新發生胰腺鈣化。入院時胰腺鈣化者的發病年齡小、病史長、糖尿病和腹瀉發生率高。首發年齡≤40歲、酒精攝入量>20 g/d、糖尿病和腹瀉為胰腺鈣化風險因素;過量飲酒為無胰腺鈣化CP患者新發生鈣化的唯一風險因素(OR3.2)。結論飲酒增加CP患者胰腺鈣化風險,建議戒酒;吸煙的作用需進一步研究。
胰腺炎,慢性; 鈣質沉著癥; 吸煙; 飲酒
慢性胰腺炎(chronic pancreatitis, CP)胰腺鈣化機制尚不清楚。有研究認為,鈣化始于胰管內蛋白栓子形成,繼之鈣離子沉積而成[1]。酒精為CP重要病因,吸煙為CP重要風險因素[2-3]。國外資料顯示,煙酒與CP患者鈣化有關[3-6]。CP患者在疾病初期戒煙亦可大大減少胰腺鈣化風險[7]。但我國該方面資料少見,故回顧性分析近10年我院收治的CP患者資料,探討國內CP患者煙酒攝入量與胰腺鈣化間的關系,為臨床研究提供參考。
一、臨床資料
收集1997年1月到2007年7月間在我院住院治療的所有CP患者。CP的診斷基于亞太診斷標準[5]。即典型的病史至少伴有如下表現之一:(1)病理見CP組織學特征; (2)影像學檢查見胰腺鈣化,包括胰管結石和胰腺實質鈣化;(3)內鏡下逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)示胰管狹窄、擴張、不規則、粗細不均、串珠狀改變等。
記錄患者性別、病史、煙酒史和攝入量以及糖尿病、腹瀉、體重下降等資料。日攝入酒精量>80 g(男)或>60 g(女),持續時間超過2年患者為酒精性CP[8];除外重度飲酒(>80 g/d)、遺傳性、藥物性、外傷性和甲狀旁腺功能亢進等因素導致的CP為特發性CP(idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, ICP),發病<35歲為早發型ICP,>35歲為遲發型ICP[5]。吸煙者分為<100年支和>100年支兩組。末次隨訪時間為2007年12月,隨訪時間平均(75±61)個月。
二、統計學方法

一、一般情況
共收治并成功隨訪449例CP患者,其中,酒精性79例(17.6%),ICP 345例(76.8%),其他因素所致者25例(5.6%)。有吸煙史233例,飲酒史230例,其中205例既吸煙又飲酒,吸煙與飲酒呈正相關(r=0.76,P=0.0000)。入院時胰腺鈣化248例;無胰腺鈣化201例,其中13例出院后隨訪發現胰腺鈣化,188例持續無鈣化。
二、風險因素分析
入院時胰腺鈣化者的發病年齡小、病史長、糖尿病和腹瀉發生率高(表1)。
首發年齡≤40歲、酒精攝入量>20 g/d、糖尿病和腹瀉為胰腺鈣化風險因素(表2)。

表1 449例慢性胰腺炎患者首次入院時的資料

表2 CP胰腺鈣化相關風險因素分析
三、新發胰腺鈣化的風險因素
單因素和多因素Cox比例風險模型逐步回歸分析顯示,過量飲酒為無胰腺鈣化CP患者新發生鈣化的唯一風險因素(表3)。

表3 新發胰腺鈣化單、多因素Cox比例風險模型分析
本組顯示,胰腺鈣化患者入院時病史長,糖尿病、腹瀉發生率高,其中糖尿病和腹瀉為胰腺鈣化風險因素之一,與CP基本特征[6,9]吻合。另外,本組胰腺鈣化患者首發年齡較小,考慮與本組含青少年患者例數較多有關,亦提示應加強對青少年CP患者胰腺鈣化機制及風險因素方面的研究。
胰腺鈣化患者中過量飲酒者比率高,過量飲酒為胰腺鈣化風險因素,且為出院后新發胰腺鈣化的風險因素,均提示酒精的促胰腺鈣化作用,與國外資料[7,9]類似。
吸煙與胰腺鈣化的研究較復雜,原因是吸煙與飲酒往往相關,吸煙加速酒精導致的胰腺損傷[10],而飲酒為胰腺鈣化的風險因素。本組出院后新發胰腺鈣化患者單因素分析時發現過量吸煙(>100年支)發生胰腺鈣化風險比為3.2,P=0.052,但多因素回歸分析時吸煙因素被剔除,考慮該因素與飲酒呈正相關(相關系數0.76 ,P=0.0000 )或未知促鈣化因素未納入風險因素分析而影響統計結果有關。
Imoto等[1]研究了24和42例早發型和晚發型ICP(隨訪時間分別為27年和13年),晚發型ICP患者中吸煙者(>100年支)發生胰腺鈣化率高于非吸煙者(83%對13%,P<0.0001),吸煙增加晚發型ICP胰腺鈣化風險(相對危險度4.8)。Maisonneuve等[5]報道來自瑞士和意大利各83例ICP,前組顯示吸煙同胰腺鈣化無相關性(HR=0.64),后組則提示吸煙增加晚發型ICP胰腺鈣化風險(HR=2.09)。Maisonneuve等[3]同時研究了1552例CP(酒精性CP 934例),隨訪(8.4±7.6)年,結果顯示吸煙與CP確診時的胰腺鈣化顯著相關(OR=2.0),CP確診后胰腺鈣化的發生同吸煙顯著相關(HR=4.9)。Cavallini等[11]研究570例CP(酒精性459例),隨訪(10.4±6.4)年,發現吸煙同胰腺鈣化相關(HR=1.2),即增加胰腺鈣化風險20%。這些結論的不一致需要進一步的探索。
需要強調的是,吸煙誘使CP發生胰腺癌已有公認[6,12],其致癌機制為尼古丁的直接作用及激活致癌物或減弱抗蛋白酶活性等[9],因此CP患者戒煙的首要意義為減少癌癥的發生、延長生存期[13]。
總之,胰腺鈣化患者多表現為低齡、病史較長及糖尿病、腹瀉,飲酒對CP胰腺鈣化有顯著促進作用,因此強烈建議CP患者戒酒。吸煙等其他風險因素在胰腺鈣化中的作用尚待進一步研究。
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2009-07-08)
(本文編輯:屠振興)
Impactofalcoholandsmokingonpancreaticcalcificationinchronicpancreatitis
WANGWei,LIAOZhuan,DONGYuan-hang,LIZhao-shen,ZHANGWen-jun,WANGLi-hua,ZOUDuo-wu,JINZhen-dong.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between alcohol and smoking and the development of pancreatic calcification in chronic pancreatitis (CP) in China.MethodsThe patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of pancreatic calcification at admission and the data were analyzed; furthermore, the discharged patients without pancreatic calcification were divided into two groups as newly diagnosed pancreatic calcification group and persistent non-pancreatic calcification group. Logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards model was used for multivariate analysis of the risk factors for pancreatic calcification.ResultsFrom January1997 to July 2007, 449 patients with CP were enrolled and followed up successfully. 248 patients presented with pancreatic calcification at admission; among the 201 patients presented without pancreatic calcification, 13 patients developed pancreatic calcification after discharge. Patients with pancreatic calcification had a young age at onset, long CP history, higher incidence of diabetes mellitus and diarrhea. Age at onset ≤ 40, alcohol intake over 20 g/day, and diabetes mellitus and diarrhea were risk factors for pancreatic calcification. The only risk factor of development of pancreatic calcification after discharge was excessive alcohol intake (OR: 3.2).ConclusionsAlcohol intake increased the risk of pancreatic calcifications, suggesting the patients abstain from alcohol intake. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of smoking.
Pancreatitis, chronic; Calcinosis; Smoking; Alcohol drinking
Correspondingauther:LIZhao-shen,Email:zhaoshenlichhai@163.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2010.05.002
200433 上海,第二軍醫大學長海醫院消化內科(慢性胰腺炎研究組)
李兆申,Email:zhaoshenlichhai@163.com