[關(guān)鍵詞] 間質(zhì)瘤; 小網(wǎng)膜
[中圖分類號(hào)] R735.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2010)13-100-02
胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤(GIST)少見(jiàn),而原發(fā)于小網(wǎng)膜的間質(zhì)瘤更為少見(jiàn),我們收治1例,現(xiàn)并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)報(bào)道如下。
1 臨床資料
患者,男,62歲,發(fā)現(xiàn)腹部腫物10d入院。該患者于10d前體檢過(guò)程中通過(guò)磁共振證實(shí)腹腔腫物,無(wú)發(fā)熱,無(wú)腹痛、腹脹,無(wú)惡心、嘔吐,排氣、排便如常。近期體重未見(jiàn)減輕。查體:腹平坦,未見(jiàn)腸型及蠕動(dòng)波,未觸及腫物,全腹無(wú)壓痛及肌緊張。輔助檢查:MRI:小網(wǎng)膜區(qū)可見(jiàn)囊實(shí)性占位病變,囊性部分呈T1WI低、T2WI高信號(hào),實(shí)性部分大致呈等信號(hào),范圍約為3.2cm×2.2cm,部分邊界不清;靜注Gd-DTPA增強(qiáng)掃描后,小網(wǎng)膜區(qū)占位病變動(dòng)脈期及門脈期未見(jiàn)強(qiáng)化,延遲期可見(jiàn)邊緣明顯結(jié)節(jié)狀強(qiáng)化;印象診斷:小網(wǎng)膜區(qū)占位,考慮間葉組織源性腫瘤,見(jiàn)圖1、2。術(shù)前診斷:小網(wǎng)膜腫物,于入院后3d在全麻下行剖腹探查術(shù),術(shù)中見(jiàn)小網(wǎng)膜近小彎處一大小約5cm×5cm×5cm球形腫物,包膜完整,與胰腺及胃小彎部分粘連,血運(yùn)主要來(lái)自胃小彎血管分支。探查腹腔內(nèi)未見(jiàn)其他腫物。術(shù)中切除腫物順利。術(shù)后病理回報(bào):瘤組織由梭形細(xì)胞構(gòu)成,編織狀排列,核桿狀,有異型性,核分裂(0-1)個(gè)/10HPF。病理診斷:免疫組化:CD117(+),CD34(+),vimentin(+),SMA(-),ki67(+<5%),見(jiàn)圖3~7,(小網(wǎng)膜)間質(zhì)瘤。術(shù)后6d痊愈出院。
2 討論
目前認(rèn)為間質(zhì)瘤起源于胃腸道間質(zhì)細(xì)胞(interstitial cells of Cajal ICCs)或其前體[1],可發(fā)生于胃腸道中ICCS存在的任何位置,它常起源于胃(40%~60%)、小腸(30%~40%)、直腸肛門(7%)、結(jié)腸和食管等[2,3],仍可發(fā)生于腹腔內(nèi)組織,如大網(wǎng)膜、腸系膜、子宮內(nèi)膜等,但發(fā)生病例很少[4-6]。
流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,胃腸間質(zhì)瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)的病例報(bào)道很少。其發(fā)病平均年齡為60歲,男性病例略多于女性。而小網(wǎng)膜間質(zhì)瘤更加稀少。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì),其平均發(fā)病年齡為64歲,與胃腸間質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)病年齡相似。病例報(bào)道最年輕患者,僅22歲[7]。我們報(bào)道的患者62歲,恰位于平均年齡之間。
Miettinen等報(bào)道胃腸間質(zhì)瘤發(fā)病僅有3%小于21歲,其甚少發(fā)生于兒童[8]。Hayashi等比較成人與兒童GIST患者發(fā)現(xiàn):GIST在兒童中好發(fā)于女性,而且與成人比較發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移率低[9]。小網(wǎng)膜間質(zhì)瘤鏡下特點(diǎn)與潛在惡性的胃腸間質(zhì)瘤一致。不同于典型平滑肌瘤和神經(jīng)鞘瘤[10],其外周常有固定薄膜包繞,內(nèi)為多房囊性。囊性部分常被凝結(jié)血塊和壞死組織填充,外周堅(jiān)硬成分常由均勻延展的梭形細(xì)胞交錯(cuò)形成。這些梭形細(xì)胞的核常呈1~3個(gè)核分裂/50HPF。這些特征表明間質(zhì)瘤呈中性而非肌原性。免疫組化:S-100 蛋白、髓鞘堿性蛋白、平滑肌特異性肌動(dòng)蛋白和desmin陰性,vimentin和CD34陽(yáng)性。免疫組化特點(diǎn)與胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤特點(diǎn)一致[11,12]。本例患者病理回報(bào):瘤組織由梭形細(xì)胞構(gòu)成,編織狀排列,核桿狀,有異型性。免疫組化:CD117(+),CD34(+),vimentin(+),ki67(+<5%)。故診斷為小網(wǎng)膜間質(zhì)瘤。間質(zhì)瘤可根據(jù)核分裂數(shù)及腫瘤大小來(lái)判斷良惡性:核分裂數(shù)<2為良性,良惡交界為2~5,>5/10HPF為惡性。核分裂靜止期上皮性腫瘤直徑≥6㎝時(shí)為惡性[13]。由于小網(wǎng)膜間質(zhì)瘤較少發(fā)生,故其良惡性的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚未制定。既往間質(zhì)瘤的治療以手術(shù)切除為主,化療對(duì)間質(zhì)瘤的治療效果并不滿意[14]。近些年伊馬替尼(酪氨酸激酶抑制劑)逐漸應(yīng)用于間質(zhì)瘤的化學(xué)治療,并取得一定治療效果[15]。而對(duì)于發(fā)生于小網(wǎng)膜的間質(zhì)瘤而言,手術(shù)切除是目前治療的最有效方法。發(fā)生于小網(wǎng)膜的間質(zhì)瘤對(duì)化學(xué)治療是否敏感,仍有待于進(jìn)一步臨床研究。據(jù)報(bào)道,腫瘤大小、細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)、有絲分裂計(jì)數(shù)、組織學(xué)分型、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、浸潤(rùn)程度和壞死程度等因素影響著胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤的愈后[11]。這些因素可能也同樣影響小網(wǎng)膜間質(zhì)瘤的愈后。由于小網(wǎng)膜間質(zhì)瘤較為少見(jiàn),故對(duì)于其治療及愈后相關(guān)因素尚無(wú)定論,有待于進(jìn)一步臨床研究證明。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Daum O,Grossmann P,Vanecek T,et al. Diagnostic morphological features of PDGFRA-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors:molecular genetic and histologic analysis of 60 cases of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors[J]. Ann Diagn Pathol,2007,11(1):27-33.
[2] Nilsson B,Bümming P,Meis-Kindblom JM,et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors:the incidence,prevalence,clinical course,and prognostication in the preimatinib mesylate era[J]. Cancer,2005,103(4):821-829.
[3] Tryggvason G,Gíslason HG,Magnússon MK,et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Iceland,1990-2003:the Icelandic GIST,a population- based incidence and pathologic risk stratification study[J]. Int J Cancer,2005,117(2):289-293.
[4] Franzini C,Alessandri L,Piscioli I,et al. Extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the greater omentum:report of a case and review of the literature[J]. World J Surg Oncol,2008,23(2):21-25.
[5] Yoshimura N,Ohara H,Miyabe K ,et al. A case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor with spontaneous rupture in the greater omentum[J]. Int Semin Surg Oncol,2008,29(7):19-23.
[6] Jung SI,Shin SS,Hwang EC,et al. Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma Presenting as Prevesical Mass Mimicking Urachal Tumor[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2009,24(3):529-531.
[7] Aihara R,Ohno T,Mochiki E,et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the lesser omentum in a young adult patient with a history ofhepatobla- stoma:Report of a case[J]. Surg Today,2009,39(4):349-352.
[8] Miettinen M,Sobin LH,Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach;a clinicopathologic,immunohistochemical,and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow up[J]. Am J Surg Pathol,2005, 29(1):52-68.
[9] Hayashi Y,Okazaki T,Yamataka A,et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a child and review of the literature[J]. Pediatr Surg Int,2005,21(11):914-917.
[10] Chen MY,Bechtold RE,Savage PD. Cystic changes in hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs) treated with gleevec (imatinib mesylate)[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2002,179(4):1059-1062.
[11] Castillo-Sang M,Mancho S,Tsang AW,et al. A m alignant omental extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumor on a young man:a case report and review of the literature[J]. World J Surg Oncol,2008,15(5):50-56.
[12] Liu H,Li W,Zhu S. Extragastrointestinal stromal tumor of lesser omentum mimicking a liver tumor[J]. Am J Surg,2009,197(1):7-8.
[13] Ranchod M,Kempson RL. Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and retroperitoneum.A pathologic analysis of 100 cases[J]. Cancer,1977,39(1):255-262.
[14] Tran T,Davila JA,El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of m alignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors:an analysis of 1458 cases from 1992 to 2000[J]. Am J Gastroenterol ,2005,100(10):162-168.
[15] Perez EA,Livingstone AS,F(xiàn)ranceschi D,et al. Current incidence and outcomes of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors including gastroin- testinal stromal tumors[J]. J Am Coll Surg ,2006,202(4):623-629.
(收稿日期:2010-02-26)