張靜江:辛亥革命的元勛

他是孫中山的生死之交，曾積極參與和資助孫中山領導的反清革命活動，為辛亥革命立下了汗馬功勞。孫中山稱他為“革命圣人”，他的一生充滿著濃厚的傳奇色彩。

兒時敬佩宋代詞人李清照

1877年9月19日，張靜江出生在浙江湖州南潯鎮上的一個商人之家。他的祖父張頌賢、父親張寶善從事絲綢、食鹽等商品經營，是江南一帶的知名富商；母親的龐氏家族也是當地的名門望族，其外祖父龐云矰，同為絲綢巨商，還是江浙滬一帶的收藏大家。

張靜江的故居有一副對聯：“世上幾百年舊家無非積德；天下第一件好事還是讀書。”足見張家人還是愛好讀書的。因此，他從4歲開始就由父親張寶善和私塾老師先后執教，飽讀古代詩文，受到在當時稱得上最良好的教育。

張靜江從小最敬佩的人是宋代著名女詞人李清照，他尤其喜歡李清照那首浩氣凜然的《夏日絕句》：“生當作人杰，死亦為鬼雄。至今思項羽，不肯過江東。”因此，他有意將字取為“人杰”以自勉。

才十多歲的張靜江還參與了南潯鎮上的幾次救火，甚至在一次救火中他不幸摔傷了一條腿。這些舉動在富家子弟中極為罕見。事后，他還向家中長輩提出將南潯落后的救火設施更換掉。祖父、父親覺得他言之有理，就出資從上海購置了當時先進的消防設備“洋龍”——壓力水帶和噴水槍。同時還組織了一支張氏救火隊，為鎮上百姓和家中救火，以保一方平安。這件事，受到了眾多鄉鄰的稱贊。

還有一次，張靜江乘船去上海，途中遇到強臺風，船被風刮得劇烈晃動，最后進水漸漸下沉。張靜江被船主搶救上岸后，發現還有一些婦女、孩子和老人在河中掙扎。他自己因腿有傷無法下水救人，情急之下便揮臂高喊：“快去救人，誰從水中救上一人，我給賞銀一百大洋！”船主、水手和水性好的乘客知道張靜江為人仗義，聽到他的呼喊后，便立即跳下水將人救起，事后張靜江果真如數發給了救人者賞銀。此舉在方圓數十里被傳為佳話。

長期追隨孫中山資助革命

1896年，張寶善為兒子張靜江謀到一個官職，分配在江蘇省，但他當時雙腳病重，未能上任。直到1902年10月14日，他才隨清廷駐法公使孫寶琦從天津經上海乘安南號郵輪赴法國任一等參贊。當他到巴黎上任后不久，便看到法國市場上中國的瓷器、絲綢、茶葉、珠寶等商品非常暢銷，次年便棄官從商，與助手周菊人在巴黎創辦了通運公司，經營中國的綢緞、茶葉、瓷器、珠寶、書畫等商品。由于經營有方，賺了不少錢。

年輕的張靜江，雖然人在生意場上，但心中卻有強烈的愛國主義精神和革命的理想。尤其是他看到由于清政府的腐敗無能，與西方列強和沙俄、日本帝國主義簽訂了一系列喪權辱國的不平等條約后，他對清政府非常失望與痛恨，希望能找到一條救國的新道路。

1905年11月，孫中山在越南南方城市西貢宣傳革命思想后，上船前往法國等歐洲國家籌措革命活動經費，與由上海出發乘同一條船的張靜江巧遇。在短短的航程中，張靜江與孫中山一見如故，他以前曾在報紙上讀過孫中山的文章，對孫中山民主革命救國的行動很崇拜，見面后更是有相見恨晚之感。孫中山見張靜江年輕英俊，談吐頗有思想，身上還有一股才情和俠氣，便鄭重向他介紹了興中會有關開展革命活動、力爭推翻清廷的計劃，并勸他參加反清革命。張靜江當即表示贊同孫中山的革命主張，愿意參加孫中山領導的革命組織，并告知孫中山清廷駐法國公使孫寶琦也在船上，在說話和行動時務必留神，以免出現不測。在交談中當他得知孫中山這次是為籌措革命活動經費前往歐美的動因后，便慷慨地對孫中山說：“久聞先生大名，我深信非革命不能救中國。這幾年我在法國經商賺了些錢，很希望能為先生的反清光復事業提供竭盡全力之幫助。”孫中山當即表示感謝。

郵輪抵達法國的港口城市馬賽后，張靜江上岸前熱情與孫中山依依惜別，他悄悄告訴孫中山自己在法國的地址是巴黎馬德蘭廣場，并約定了日后互通電報進行聯絡的暗號。他對孫中山說：“你今后活動經費有困難可直接發電報給我，并在電報中確定ABCDE英文字母為數碼：A為１萬法郎，依次每個字母以1萬法郎遞增，到E為５萬法郎。我接到你的電報后，就會立即將款子給你匯去。”同時，張靜江還遞給孫中山一封信，信中夾有一張他親筆簽名的3萬元取款單，讓孫中山到美國后憑信和取款單去紐約市第五街566號他所開辦的通運公司找經理姚叔蘭，領取他資助革命的活動經費。孫中山當時與他只有一面之交，最初心中將信將疑，到美國后便把信和取款單交給華興會和同盟會創始人之一黃興，讓其取錢，結果姚叔蘭經理見信和取款單是張靜江親筆所寫，便將3萬元錢分文不少地付給了黃興。此舉讓孫中山大為驚奇，慶幸在船上巧遇一位革命的“知音”。

在1911年辛亥革命期間和前后，每當孫中山活動經費不足時，便會及時拍電報給張靜江請求匯款。張靜江總是有求必應，按時如數將款寄到。其間有一次由于公司資金周轉困難，張靜江毅然將他在巴黎通運公司所屬的一個茶店賣掉資助孫中山革命。對此，孫中山極為感動，還讓同盟會元老胡漢民先生回信褒獎并表示謝意。張靜江接信隨即復信道：“余深信君必能實行革命，故愿盡力助君成此大業。君我既成同志，彼此默契，實無報告事實之必要；若因報告事實而為敵人所知，殊于事業進行有所不利。君能努力猛進，即勝于作長信多多。”

積極參加反清革命活動

張靜江不僅長期資助孫中山開展反清革命，而且其本人也積極參加革命活動。1906年3月，張靜江在從法國回國途中經新加坡時，在同盟會元老胡漢民等人的主持下，加入了同盟會組織，成為孫中山革命陣營中的重要一員。此后，他還積極介紹李石曾和南潯鎮的富豪們加入到革命的陣營中；還將他的大哥、上海通運公司總經理張弁群，其舅父、上海中國銀行董事龐青城等親友介紹給孫中山，并發展成為同盟會會員；連其妻姚夫人也幫助他發行革命刊物，可以說全家都上陣了。國民政府成立之前，浙江南潯加入革命隊伍者大多數為家產豐厚的“四象八牛”成員，有力保證了孫中山開展革命活動的經費來源。

在這一時期，張靜江還大力資助革命者創辦革命報刊，宣傳革命思想。1905年當孫中山在東京籌備成立中國同盟會之時，出版《民報》作為其機關刊物，也是張靜江出資編排、印刷。該報在東京留學生中起到了很好的宣傳革命的作用。1906年6月，張靜江出資聯合吳稚暉、蔡元培、李石曾、褚民誼等人在巴黎達候街25號發起成立“世界社”，出版《世界畫報》；同時創刊發行《新世紀》周刊，并親筆撰文發表在《新世紀》周刊上，緊密配合國內外的《蘇報》《浙江潮》等諸多革命報刊，讓世界在輿論上支持孫中山的革命活動。

辛亥革命勝利后不久，大軍閥袁世凱竊取了革命的成果。1914年7月8日，為了反對袁世凱復辟帝制，孫中山在日本籌建中華革命黨，就任中華革命黨總理，再發起“二次革命”，并任命張靜江為中華革命黨財政部長。對此，孫中山曾作了如此說明：“張原屬富豪出身，黨內財務，唯張所為。”可見張靜江在孫中山心目中的地位非同一般。1915年12月袁世凱宣布稱帝，在全國人民的討伐聲中，袁世凱當了83天的“短命皇帝”就下臺了。

1920年2月4日，張靜江又遵照孫中山之命到上海創辦證券交易所，繼續為革命籌措經費。由于張靜江對革命作出了巨大貢獻，1924年1月在廣州舉行的中國國民黨第一次代表大會上，他高票當選為國民黨中央執行委員。1925年7月又被推選為國民政府常務委員。

由于張靜江為革命立下了汗馬功勞，從經濟上無償捐助資金為革命盡心盡力，孫中山便稱張靜江為“革命圣人”，并手書“丹心俠骨”四字相贈，“革命圣人”的雅號便由此而來。

在1924年底，孫中山因長期積勞成疾不幸得肝癌，住進北京協和醫院。張靜江聞訊后抱病從南潯千里迢迢趕到北京協和醫院探望孫中山。孫中山看到張靜江拄著拐杖走路非常吃力的樣子不無心痛地說：“人杰，你病成這個樣子，為何還專程來看我？”張靜江看到昔日昂然挺立在眾人面前講演革命道理的孫中山，被病魔折磨得面黃肌瘦躺在病床上，心中更是痛苦萬分，他緊握孫中山的雙手，淚水奪眶而出。張靜江憂心如焚，在京城遍尋良醫，為孫中山治病。從1925年2月2日起，張靜江和宋慶齡等親友一直守護在孫中山身邊，每日詳細地記錄病情變化情況，天天期盼出現生命的奇跡。3月11日，孫中山預感到自己將走到生命的盡頭，便在事先準備好的兩份遺囑上簽字。按照孫中山的意愿，張靜江首先簽字，依次是吳稚暉、宋子文、孔祥熙、何香凝等12人簽名作證。3月12日9時30分，孫中山與世長辭。張靜江悲痛欲絕。4月2日，孫中山的靈柩由中央公園移至西山碧云寺安放。石龕內懸掛著至今鮮為人知的由張靜江書寫的長聯：“功高華盛頓，德蓋中華間，行易知難，并有名言傳海內；骨痊紫金山，靈棲碧云寺，地維天柱，永留浩氣在人間。”這是他對孫中山的深切悼念。

孫中山逝世后，張靜江曾全力支持過蔣介石，因而被蔣介石稱為“革命導師”，但后來彼此也發生過較大矛盾，張靜江度過了幾十年漂泊不定的生活。1926年1月，在國民黨第二次全國代表大會上，張靜江當選為國民黨中央監察委員，被稱為“國民黨四大元老”之一。1927年7月，先任浙江省政府主席，次年任國民政府建設委員會委員長，這段時間他為浙贛鐵路建設、淮南煤礦開辦、南京電廠的擴建，做了許多有益的工作。1929年6月，在杭州主持舉辦“西湖博覽會”，曾轟動一時。1937年抗日戰爭爆發后，帶家屬前往香港治病。第二年先后遷居瑞士、法國和美國。1950年9月3日在紐約家中因病去世，享年74歲。□

Zhang Jingjiang: Hero of 1911 Revolution

By Yu Ren

Zhang Jingjiang (1877-1950) was an intimate friend of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. For years Zhang was a big financier behind Sun’s revolutionary activities that aimed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and introduce modernization to China. Dr. Sun praised him as Saint of Revolution. Zhang’s life is full of legends.

On September 19， 1877， Zhang Jingjiang was born into a family of wealth in Nanxun， a small town of legendary prosperity in northern Zhejiang for decades thanks to its central role in China’s silk and tea export to the overseas market in the 19th and the early 20th century. His grandfather and father were engaged in silk and salt business and his mother was also from a family of wealth and his maternal grandfather was a silk tycoon and a collector. Zhang Jingjiang grew up with excellent education and brave heart and generosity. A teenager， he took brave part in putting fire out in Nanxun and injured his leg in a fire control fight. After the injury， he proposed to his father and grandfather to dump the outmoded fire control devices in use and import the modern devices. The Zhang family thus organized a private fire brigade in Nanxun， which used the modern devices.

Still in his teen years， Zhang Jingjiang showed his understanding of money for the benefit of people. While traveling on a boat from Nanxun to Shanghai， he ran into a storm and the boat capsized. Knowing who Zhang was， the skipper rescued him first. Safe on the shore， Zhang Jingjiang saw some women， children， and old people were struggling in the river. He immediately called people to save lives and he would pay 100 yuan for each life saved. He did pay. It became a good anecdote of his life.

The father of Zhang Jingjiang pulled some strings and bought an official appointment for his son in 1896， but the junior did not take the position because of his foot injury. In 1902， he was appointed first-class counselor to the Chinese ambassador to France. While in Paris， he saw Chinese goods such as silk， tea， porcelain and jewelry sell well. In 1903， he resigned from the official position and set up a trade company in Paris. He made a fortune.

The last years of the Qing Dynasty were disastrous for a lot of Chinese. The weak government signed humiliating treaties with the world powers， disgusting many Chinese and causing them to believe the much hated Qing rulers must go. They sought to find a way to save China. Zhang was one of those disillusioned and discontented yearning for the overthrow of the Qing.

In November 1905， Zhang Jingjiang ran into Dr. Sun Yat-sen on a passenger ship destined to France. Dr. Sun boarded the ship in Saigon， Vietnam. The two met as if they had been old friends for years. Zhang had read about Dr. Sun and his revolutionary ideas. After learning Dr. Sun was to raise funds in France for the revolutionary cause， Zhang offered to support Dr. Sun financially. He gave Dr. Sun a series of codes， each indicating a different amount of cash in need.

Before getting off the passenger ship at Marseilles， Zhang gave Dr. Sun an envelope containing a letter and a check for 30，000. Zhang said the check could be cashed with the letter at the office of Zhang’s company in New York. A little bit dubious about the generosity， Dr. Sun He sent Huang Xing to cash the check. The office manager read the letter autographed by Zhang and gave Huang 30，000 dollars. Zhang Jingjiang later gave Sun a lot of money in support of his revolutionary activities.

In March 1906， Zhang Jingjiang stopped over in Singapore on his way from France to China and joined the Chinese Revolutionary League. With Zhang Jingjiang’s recommendation， his elder brother and his maternal uncle， both business tycoons based in Shanghai， joined the Chinese Revolutionary League. With Zhang as the leader， all the big business families in Nanxun secretly joined the revolution and opened their purses for Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary activities.

The 1911 Revolution overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and Dr. Sun Yat-sen was elected the provisional president of the Republic of China. In 1914， Yuan Shikai restored the imperial system and made himself an emperor. Dr. Sun Yat-sen organized Chinese Revolution Party in Japan and Zhang Jingjiang was appointed minister of finance. In 1920， Zhang Jingjiang set up a stock exchange in Shanghai to raise money for the revolution. With the help of Zhang， Dr. Sun successfully pushed the revolution forward. In January 1924， Zhang Jingjiang was elected the executive director of the central committee of Kuomintang at the first KMT national congress and in July 1925 he was elected a member of the standing committee of the National Government.

For a while， Zhang Jingjiang was a high-profile activist of the Republic of China. Dr. Sun Yat-sen appreciated Zhang’s great contribution to the success of the revolution and described him as “Saint of Revolution”. When Dr. Sun Yat-sen was found afflicted with liver cancer in February 1925， Zhang came all the way from Nanxun to Beijing to take care of Dr. Sun. On March 11， Dr. Sun Yat-sen signed his two previously prepared wills， sensing his days were numbered. The two wills were also witnessed by twelve top officials and friends of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Zhang was the first of the twelve that signed the wills. Dr. Sun’s funeral was held on April 2， 1925. Zhang wrote a couplet for the funeral.

Zhang Jingjiang supported Chang Kai-shek for a while though the two disagreed on various issues. In January 1926， Zhang Jingjiang was elected a supervisor of the KMT and he was reverently referred to as one of the four major founding fathers of the KMT. In 1927， Zhang was appointed the governor of Zhejiang Provincial Government. He was the man behind the sensational success of the first West Lake Expo in June， 1929.

In 1937， the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out. Zhang and his family moved to Hong Kong. From 1938 on， Zhang immigrated to Sweden， France and America. On September 3rd， 1950， he passed away at home in New York at the age of 74.□