
陽春三月,全國首家青瓷甌樂藝術團在東海之濱的慈溪掛牌成立,一時吸引了海內外眾多人士關注的目光。千年唐宋古樂是如何復興的?碎瓷破瓦怎樣發出動聽的旋律?為此,筆者專程前往進行了一番實地探訪。
中國越窯甌樂傾倒法蘭西觀眾
提起青瓷甌樂,不得不說章均立。在慈溪,最早開始關注和研究越窯青瓷甌樂的就是他。在樂團三樓那間略顯簡陋的辦公室,筆者見到了“退而不休”的章均立。談起自己與甌樂的不解之緣,年逾六旬的他記憶猶新——
那是1989年,他45歲,從慈溪越劇團的敲鼓崗位,轉到慈溪市文物保護管理委員會去做考古工作。“記得是1998年12月下旬一個寒冷的早晨,我與同事們從上林湖寺龍口的發掘處偶然發現一件中間細兩頭粗的器皿。說是器皿,但兩頭空空,怎么盛水?緊接著,一只裝飾性很強的青瓷鐘破土而出。此后,在寺龍口一共挖得了鐘、塤、腰鼓、火照、鳥哨等顯然是樂器的上百件殘件及整件。”
就從那時候開始,正在攻讀中文大專的章均立開始從唐詩中尋找答案,因為陶瓷之路始于唐朝。很快,他從大詩人白居易的詩《醉贈劉二十八使者》中找到了佐證:“為我引杯添酒飲,與君把箸擊盤歌。”在另一首《敲酒盞唱短歌》中,甌樂蹤跡更加明顯:“越器敲來曲調成,腕頭句滑間輕清,隨風搖曳有余韻,測水淺深多泛聲。”幾經考證,章均立確證慈溪上林湖為我國古代海上陶瓷之路起點的同時,更是甌樂樂器的重要燒制場所。他和同事們一邊復原考古成果,一邊尋根問“書”,不久自發組織的慈溪甌樂演奏團開始活動了。初創的日子,演奏團整理挖掘已經失傳千年的甌樂,并與慈溪市越窯青瓷研究所密切合作,根據史書記載及考古發現,仿制出了用于演奏的盤、杯、爐蓋、腰鼓、火照、塤、鳥哨等40多件甌樂樂器。同時,他們以流行于寧波三北地區的“姚灘”音樂為素材,寫出了《九秋風露越窯開》《豐收鑼鼓》等一批作品,還嘗試用青瓷排練了《梅花三弄》《春江花月夜》等古典名曲。
2003年夏天,青瓷甌樂首次走出國門。那年法國的“中國文化年國際樂隊藝術節”組委會發來了熱情的邀請函。一行45人的中國慈溪甌樂演奏團在法國的演出大獲成功。三場演出場場爆滿,令法國觀眾如癡如醉。1200多年前中國陶瓷從慈溪上林湖經由海上輸出運往歐洲,開啟了一條“海上陶瓷之路”,如今在法國再度掀動了“雪拉同(青瓷)熱”。8月下旬,法國經歷著近百年來少有的酷熱,但波黑沃城市中心廣場仍然擠滿了熱情的觀眾,當一排排碗、盅、碟、杯、塤等百余件青瓷器物在演員們手中發出精妙的樂音時,人們歡呼雀躍。三場演出,尤其是樂團在當年海上陶瓷之路終點的法國唐潤納克市的演出,現場觀眾情緒熱烈高漲,演出一結束,他們紛紛走上舞臺,小心翼翼地摸摸越窯青瓷,輕輕地擊打一下。當他們發現作為樂器的瓷碗里盛著或多或少的清水時,更是驚訝不已,當被告知清水是用來調音時,他們先是詫異萬分,然后恍然大悟。異國他鄉的觀眾被來自東方的千年古樂鎮住了,當地報紙報道:“源于萬里之遙的中國唐宋甌樂讓法蘭西觀眾大開眼界。”
就在那屆藝術節上,慈溪市甌樂演奏團被評為“最佳樂隊”。在筆者面前,回憶起在藝術節上的那段表演,章均立至今歷歷在目:“尤其當演奏起為海上陶瓷之路而作的《九秋風露越窯開》時,盛唐時代的悠揚旋律,上林湖邊百窯齊燃的場面被演繹得淋漓盡致,原定45分鐘的壓軸表演不得不增加到70分鐘。”面對著鮮花和掌聲,兼任樂團指揮的章均立激動得流下熱淚。演出結束,藝術節組委會負責人欣喜地對他豎起了大拇指:“不可思議!不可思議!看似普通的青瓷器皿,竟能奏出如此天籟之音。”
失傳千年古老甌樂得以新生
丁釗年現為慈溪青瓷甌樂藝術團總監。他1966年出生,早年在慈溪錦堂師范文藝班學習打鼓,1978年進入慈溪越劇團學打鼓。說起自己的民樂以及甌樂之路,丁釗年說:“章均立老師和我的父親給我很大影響。我父親也是個民樂愛好者,吹拉彈唱樣樣精通。父親經常說起,他對民間‘敲碗盞’特別感興趣,還曾向一位前清老秀才拜師學藝。章均立老師又是現在青瓷甌樂的開創者之一。兩位父輩的遺傳和影響,讓我走上了青瓷甌樂的道路。”
從純音樂的角度來看,甌樂和成熟的民族樂相比既單一也不悅耳。樂團演奏時,甌樂就像燒菜用的調味品,還只是一個小配角。在加盟慈溪民族樂團之后,丁釗年開始考慮讓甌樂突破“配角”的角色問題。并想到了用“外腦”進行創作。2004年,浙江小百花越劇團劉建寬老師創作的《上林追憶》具有開創性意義,在該曲的演奏中,甌樂終于成了整體規模的半壁江山,甌樂的基本特性也逐漸顯露出來。該曲在寧波市、省等各個級別的演出活動中,都獲得了觀眾好評,贏得了不少獎項。丁釗年回憶說:“雖然甌樂取得了一定突破,獲得了觀眾的肯定,但成績的取得,也給當時所有的人一種甌樂離不開民樂的思維錯覺。甌樂的發展,依然在繞圈,沒有預想的進步快。”
2006年下半年,慈溪民族樂團邀請到總政歌舞團的作曲家、打擊樂演奏家張仰勝來創作適合甌樂的曲子,期待在演奏形式和樣板上有所突破。丁釗年向筆者說,當時參與青瓷甌樂探索的專家都非常敬業。張仰勝老師平時工作忙,有時候北京的演出剛結束,就帶著演出服連夜趕飛機到慈溪。獲得“群星獎”的《越瓷風》中那段熱烈而激揚的“打花瓶”更是反復排練過程中出現的神來之筆。《越瓷風》這首歡騰奔放的青瓷甌樂作品征服了評委,當之無愧地獲得全國群眾文化最高政府獎“群星獎”。因為《越瓷風》創造的全新演出樣式,使得甌樂這味原來的“調味劑”變成了不可替代的民樂演出主角,也證明了甌樂樂器可以獨立演奏。于是,經過精心研究與摸索,燒制出可用于演奏的青瓷樂器,如越鼓、越杯、越鈴、越鐘、瓷甌、瓷鼓、瓷塤、鳥哨等,形成了越甌、編鐘、瓷鼓及吹奏等四個系列20多個品種。以《越瓷風》為代表的一批作品的打響,預示著越窯青瓷甌樂在失傳千年之后,又得以新生。
老團長眼里的甌樂“新生代”
從慈溪越劇團,到慈溪民族樂團,再到慈溪青瓷甌樂藝術團,陳珊岳可以算得上名副其實的“老團長”了。與筆者說到自己鐘愛的青瓷甌樂藝術團,“老團長”可謂如數家珍。
被評為1998年全國十大考古新發現的慈溪上林湖寺龍口窯址的發掘,揭開了再現千年唐宋越窯甌樂的序幕。2002年,甌樂合奏曲《九秋風露越窯開》參加浙江省民族器樂大賽,獲得表演金獎、創作銀獎;2005年,赴香港展演,贏得滿堂喝彩;2007年,又到寶島臺灣交流演出,飲譽而歸;同年,青瓷甌樂《越瓷風》以全省第一的名次參加在武漢舉行的第八屆全國藝術節,一舉奪得“全國群星大獎”和“群星創作獎”,受到浙江省人民政府的通報表彰和嘉獎。接著,青瓷甌樂《越瓷風》晉京參加“迎奧運專題演出”65場,《人民日報》《光明日報》《中國文化報》等國內外58家媒體作了專門報道。中央電視臺國際頻道用英語、法語、西班牙語等三種語言全年向海外介紹青瓷甌樂及其作品。“越窯青瓷甌樂已經成為慈溪一個亮麗的地方文化品牌。”說到這里,老陳一臉自豪。當他談起甌樂藝術代有傳人時更是充滿著自信。
20歲的程倩從安徽藝術學院戲劇系畢業不久,清秀而帶著稚氣。她作為慈溪青瓷甌樂藝術團新一代演員,從黃山腳下黃梅戲之鄉來到東海之濱千年甌樂的發源地。“我5歲開始學拉二胡,第一次來慈溪,也是第一次聽說青瓷甌樂。”自從來到第二故鄉,小姑娘便投入了自己既熟悉又陌生的練功之中。“我原來用慣了二胡、板胡,現今我改用獨一無二的‘甌胡’,聽起來音質更深沉,更有一種歷史滄桑感。”
車藝,二十出頭,祖籍河南,武漢音樂學院揚琴專業畢業,也是新進青瓷甌樂藝術團的“新生代”。
“我要成為揚琴演奏的全國第一很難很難,但是我也許可以成為甌樂演奏的全國第一。”來自河南焦作的車藝,在筆者面前顯得信心十足。上個月,樂團特邀的上海音樂學院著名教授何占豪現場教導的一席話,讓這位自幼在黃河岸邊長大的姑娘有了努力的目標。筆者在排演現場看到,由20只青瓷器皿組成的一套甌樂器具,在演員靈巧的敲擊下發出陣陣悅耳的聲響,站在一排排林立的樂架前感覺青瓷樂器竟然與著名的編鐘有異曲同工之妙。
陳珊岳這位“老團長”向筆者自豪地說,一臺大型甌樂音畫《上林瓷風》以千年青瓷文化發展歷史為主線,綜合運用甌樂、舞蹈、詩歌、美術等多種藝術元素,在慈溪文化藝術節開幕式上首演后,2010年的上海世界博覽會上,也響起了來自東海之濱的“天籟之音”。□
Celadon Gives New Sounds to Music
By Zhang Ruihua, Zhao Ke, Sun Yundong
In December 1989, the 45-year-old Zhang Junli became fascinated by more than 100 celadon musical instruments unearthed in Cixi, his hometown in eastern Zhejiang Province. The instruments were not found at the same time. Archaeologists first found a single porcelain mystery. They did not know what it was. The object was narrow and long and hollow with two ends on each side open. Then archaeologists excavated a celadon bell.
Zhang was taking a college course of liberal arts at that time. So he browsed Tang poems for an answer to these mysterious celadon musical instruments. He chose Tang poems as a way to make a breakthrough simply because Cixi served as a departure point of what is now known as Porcelain Road of Tang (618-907). His research confirms that the Shanglin Lake in Cixi is the departure point of the Porcelain Road that started in Cixi and went all the way to Europe more than 1,200 years ago.
Zhang and his colleagues decided to reproduce the celadon musical instruments. They studied ancient texts and compared them with the unearthed relics. With the help of a celadon research institute in Cixi, they successfully made 40 some celadon musical instruments. Then Zhang and his colleagues composed some musical pieces on the regional tunes popular in Ningbo. They organized a musical band to play these pieces on the celadon musical instruments. The pieces they play include modern melodies as well as ancient classic tunes.
In the summer of 2003, the celadon orchestra participated in a musical festival in France. The orchestra of 45 musicians staged three performances in France. The celadon music was sensational. Their performance in a French town was scheduled for 45 minutes, but the celadon musicians came back to the stage to perform more pieces. Seventy minutes passed before they ended the performance to a long standing ovation.
Many people have contributed to the success of the celadon music. Ding Zhaonian is now the art director of the celadon orchestra. Born in 1966, he became a drummer at Cixi Yueju Opera Troupe in 1978. He did not like the musical sounds of celadon at first, thinking it monotonous and dry. After Cixi Folk Music Ensemble came into being in 2001, Ding became a member of the troupe. Some celadon music was in the repertoire. Gradually he became interested in the celadon music and tried to do something about it.
The first breakthrough came in 2004. Liu Jiankuan, a composer of Zhejiang Little Hundred Flowers Yueju Opera Troupe, composed “Memories of Shanglin Lake”. The composer created special parts for celadon instruments in the folk music symphony. It was the first time that celadon music was widely recognized and became gradually popular as the piece was staged across Ningbo and Zhejiang.
Another breakthrough came in 2006. Zhang Yangsheng, a composer and percussionist with the PLA song and dance ensemble, was engaged to create a piece of celadon music. He created “Winds of Yue Celadon”, a percussion music piece, and rehearsed with the celadon orchestra. The breakthrough performance won the Constellation Prize, the highest national government award for folk culture and art. With this success, celadon musical instruments came of age. They now play a central role in orchestra music. They do no play a secondary and ornamental part any more.
Today, celadon musical instruments amount to more than 20 in variety and in four different categories. A celadon bell set can play charming music pieces. Celadon drums can be used to perform independent percussion music. String and wind instruments can also be made of celadon.
With the contributions of all these people, the lost art of celadon music has now staged its thrilling comeback. The orchestra has staged various performances at home and abroad. Its unique style and charm have conquered audience and critics. Celadon music has won numerous awards. It is believed the renaissance will open a door to a bright future of the celadon music.□