中國少數民族春節習俗

華中師范大學 葉婷茹 供稿

中國少數民族春節習俗

The Spring Festival Customs of Some Chinese Nationalities

華中師范大學 葉婷茹 供稿

編者注：春節作為中華民族最古老、最隆重的節日,歷來為各個民族所重視。吃年飯、放鞭炮、扎花燈、舞獅子、耍龍燈……這些是大多數民族都有的慶賀新年的方式。除了這些外,許多民族還有自己獨特的過年習俗。這些習俗無不打上了一個民族思想、文化、情感、心理和歷史的烙印。本期的《文化長廊》將介紹一些少數民族的春節習俗。

Dai Nationality傣族

The youth of Dai Nationality love to play the game of throwing chaffbags(糠包).During the Spring Festival,boys and girls throw the chaff bags to see who bid accurately and who can receive them.At a certain time,the girls quietly snatch (搶 走)young men’s broadswords(腰刀),headclothes(包頭巾)or tied horses and then run home.If the man likes the girl,he will follow her.Seeing their daughter take a headcloth home and lead a horse back,the parents would be glad to host a banquet(設宴)to treat theman.

傣族青年男女喜愛甩糠包的游戲。春節期間，小伙子和姑娘們互相投擲糠包，看誰投得準，看誰接得著。玩到一定的時候，姑娘們就悄悄搶走小伙子身上佩的腰刀、包頭布或拴著的馬跑回家去。假如小伙子有情就追隨而來。父母見到女兒拿著頭布、牽著駿馬回來，便設宴款待小伙子。

M iao Nationality苗族

Miao people call the Spring Festival“Hakka Year(客家年)”.Every household slaughters(屠宰)pigs and sheep.They roast wine and smash glutinous rice cake(打糍粑) to celebrate a good harvest in the hope of good weather for the crops in the coming year. During the festival,bullfight is their favorite activity.Thousands of people come towatch the bullfight.After the activity they play the drum.They carry the glutinous rice wine (糯米酒)raised from the families to the central of the field.And then all of them drink the wine and dance to the melody of the drumbeats(鼓點)and the reed-pipe wind instrument(蘆笙).They pass the flower at the same time.When the drum stops,the person who has the flower must drink wine and sing a song.

苗族把春節稱作“客家年”，家家戶戶殺豬宰羊，烤酒打粑慶豐收，希望來年風調雨順，五谷豐登。過年時人們最喜歡的活動是斗牛。斗牛時往往有幾千人前來觀看。這項活動結束以后“打年鼓”，他們事先把從各戶募得的糯米酒抬到場地中央，眾人一邊喝酒，一邊踏著鼓點和蘆笙的旋律翩翩起舞，還一邊歡快地傳花棒，每當鼓聲一停，花棒落在誰的手里，誰就被罰酒唱歌。

Yao Nationality瑤族

On the first day of the lunar(農歷的) year，people come together to watch the funny“farming play”.It is played by three people who separately disguised(化裝)as a farm cattle,a ploughman(耕田人)and a farmer who carries a hoe(鋤頭)on his shoulder.They sing songs and dance to celebrate the good harvest. The man who plays the role of farm cattle should be good at making all sorts of funny gestures tomake the audience laugh from time to time.According to the local custom,people who can touch themiddle between the cattle’s two eyebrowswillbe the happiest.

大年初一，人們從四面八方聚到一起，觀看風趣別致的“耕作戲”。這個戲由三個人分別扮作耕牛、耕田的人及扛鋤頭的農夫，又歌又舞，表示歡慶農業的豐收。演戲時，扮演耕牛的人要善于做出各種各樣逗人發笑的動作，引起觀眾一陣又一陣的歡笑。按當地風俗，誰能摸到牛的眉心，誰就最幸福。

Bai Nationality白族

During the Spring Festival,the Bai people in Yunnan province have a celebration called“launching self-made rockets”.People use a piece of bamboo and put some gunpowder(火藥)into the bamboo joints(竹節).When it is lightened,the bamboo will be launched into the sky for hundreds of feet.It means promotion(高升).

Aswhat Miao People and Zhuang People do,the youth of Bai Nationality in some areas hold the activity of throwing silk ball(拋繡球) from the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival(元宵節).If one can’t hold the ball,he or she should give a present to the other person. Missing the ball for several timeswithout getting presents back means accepting the other person’s love.

云南白族同胞過年時有一種叫 “放高升”的慶祝活動。所謂“放高升”就是用整棵的大竹子，在竹節里裝上火藥，點燃以后可以把整個大竹子崩上天空百十丈，這就是高升。

有的地區的白族同胞與苗、壯族一樣，從春節到元宵節，男女青年都進行“拋繡球”活動。凡接不住繡球的，要贈給對方紀念品，多次失球而又贖不回紀念品的人，就是表示接受對方的愛情了。