標(biāo)題配對(duì)是英語閱讀理解題中的重要題型之一,教師在備考復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)注意下列要點(diǎn)。
一、 熟悉標(biāo)題的語言特點(diǎn)
近幾年高考英語閱讀理解考查實(shí)踐表明,標(biāo)題配對(duì)常有下列幾種句式。
1. 短語式
短語式標(biāo)題可為單純的名詞短語,也可為帶介詞(表示范圍)的名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語,句式簡潔,觀點(diǎn)明確,立場分明。如:
Ireland, Past and Present(2011年安徽卷)
Weakness and Kindness(2011年廣東卷)
Banking on Gardening(2011年新課標(biāo)全國卷)
2. 陳述句式
陳述句式標(biāo)題為一個(gè)簡短的陳述句,它可清晰表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)和寫作目的。如:
Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn(2011年上海卷)
TV Will Better the World(2010年福建卷)
3. 疑問句式
疑問句式標(biāo)題可為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句,也可為反意疑問句,這種標(biāo)題發(fā)人深省,勸告力度大。如:
Shouldn’t We Know Who Invented the Windshield Wiper? (2011年江蘇卷)
Why do I read?(2010年四川卷)
4. 問答式
問答式標(biāo)題由簡短的問句和答句所構(gòu)成,問句常表示條件,答句常表示結(jié)果,觀點(diǎn)邏輯性強(qiáng),勸誡力度大。如:
Need speed? Slow down. (2011年四川卷)
二、 了解標(biāo)題的擬定原則
標(biāo)題的擬定應(yīng)遵循下列三個(gè)原則。
1. 高度的概括性
首先,標(biāo)題必須用簡短的文字反映文章的主題,對(duì)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行高度的濃縮,這樣讀者一看到標(biāo)題就會(huì)對(duì)文章將要介紹的內(nèi)容有一個(gè)大致了解,也就會(huì)帶著期待性心理愉悅順暢地閱讀文章。
2. 強(qiáng)烈的針對(duì)性
雖然標(biāo)題是對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的高度概括,但也不能太過于籠統(tǒng)、抽象、泛化,而失去對(duì)文章具體內(nèi)容的指向,否則即使看到標(biāo)題讀者也無法了解文章的主題和所要介紹的大致內(nèi)容,這樣閱讀文章就失去了方向感、成功感和滿足感。
3. 一定的醒目性
任何標(biāo)題都是為了吸引讀者,因此其必須精彩亮麗,具有一定的醒目性。這樣的標(biāo)題或短小精悍、言簡意賅,或句式對(duì)稱、豐滿挺拔,或新穎時(shí)尚、情感動(dòng)人,充滿美感,醒人眼目。當(dāng)然,標(biāo)題也不應(yīng)一味求醒目性而忽視高度的概括性和強(qiáng)烈的針對(duì)性,醒目性應(yīng)服從于概括性和針對(duì)性,這是一個(gè)十分重要的原則。
三、 掌握標(biāo)題的配對(duì)方法
既然標(biāo)題是用精彩簡短的語言反映文章的主題,因此尋找關(guān)鍵信息提煉主題是解題的關(guān)鍵。實(shí)踐表明,主題信息常常在文章的下列位置出現(xiàn)。
1. 在文章首句出現(xiàn)
首句是文章最先展現(xiàn)在讀者面前的具體內(nèi)容,也常常是作者最想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),因此它最有可能成為文章主題。利用這一點(diǎn)常??梢钥焖賹ふ业街黝}信息,成功配對(duì)標(biāo)題。必須注意的是,閱讀首句時(shí)停留時(shí)間要長,閱讀次數(shù)要多,思考的深度應(yīng)深,這樣就不會(huì)因疏忽大意而錯(cuò)過在剛開始閱讀文章時(shí)就捕捉住主題信息并成功提煉出主題的機(jī)會(huì)。
例1:【原文】Human remains of ancient settle?鄄ments will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists(考古學(xué)家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance. (2011年上海卷閱讀理解C篇首節(jié))
【試題】Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.
B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.
C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.
D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.
分析:答案為D。認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文第一節(jié)不難發(fā)現(xiàn),首句“Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists says”為主題信息,對(duì)其加以提煉不難得出D為答案。這是一個(gè)陳述式句標(biāo)題,用樸素的語言清楚表明了作者的觀點(diǎn)。
2. 在文章首節(jié)其他內(nèi)容中出現(xiàn)
不少情況下作者在亮明自己觀點(diǎn)之前需要先過渡一下,或先推出多個(gè)畫面、舉出特定例子然后亮明自己的觀點(diǎn),或先介紹錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)然后道出正確觀點(diǎn)。顯然,首節(jié)其他內(nèi)容尤其末句也很有可能成為主題信息,閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)仔細(xì)認(rèn)真,弄清哪一個(gè)句子是作者真正想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),是其與讀者真正想分享的內(nèi)容。
例2:【原文】In the animal kingdom, weakness can bring about aggression in other animals. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.(2011年廣東卷閱讀理解A篇首節(jié))
【試題】Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. A Wheelchair Experience.
B. Weakness and Kindness.
C. Weakness and Strength.
D. A Driving Experience.
分析:答案為B。認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文不難發(fā)現(xiàn),首節(jié)第三句“But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people”為主題信息,表明作者認(rèn)為弱者的存在可以導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)者的善良,簡潔一下文字不難得出B為答案。這是一個(gè)短語式標(biāo)題,用最簡潔的文字揭示了弱者與善良之間的關(guān)系。
例3:【原文】We know the famous ones—the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells—but what about the less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器)? Shouldn’t we know who they are?(2011年江蘇卷閱讀理解A篇首節(jié))
【試題】Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?
A. How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers?
B. How to Design a Built-in Device for Cleaning the Window?
C. Shouldn’t We Know Who Invented the Windshield Wiper?
D. Shouldn’t We Develop Invention Courses in Universities?
分析:答案為C。認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文首節(jié)不難發(fā)現(xiàn),末句“Shouldn’t we know who they are?”為主題信息,追蹤句中they的指代不難發(fā)現(xiàn)C為答案。這是一個(gè)反意疑問句式標(biāo)題,觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)烈,語氣堅(jiān)定,勸告力度大。
3. 在文章末節(jié)出現(xiàn)
還有一些時(shí)候,作者先不直接亮明自己的觀點(diǎn),而用具體例子或詳細(xì)論證來展開文意,直到文章快要結(jié)束時(shí)才表明自己的觀點(diǎn),道出自己的寫作目的。因此文章末節(jié)也有可能包含文章主題信息。閱讀文章時(shí)如果不能在首節(jié)確定主題不要著急,應(yīng)耐心閱讀下文尤其末節(jié),只有這樣才能成功獲取主題信息,配對(duì)標(biāo)題。
例4:【原文】Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership. Teams that regularly take time to get things right, rather than plough ahead full bore, are more successful in meeting their business goals. That kind of strategy must come from the top.(2011年四川卷閱讀理解E篇末節(jié))
【試題】Which could be the best title for the text?
A. Improve quality? Serve better.
B. Deliver value? Plough ahead.
C. Reduce time? Move faster.
D. Need speed? Slow down.
分析:答案為D。認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文末節(jié)不難發(fā)現(xiàn),“Teams that regularly take time to get things right, rather than plough ahead full bore, are more successful in meeting their business goals”含主題信息:商家不能不顧一切強(qiáng)調(diào)生產(chǎn)速度,造成產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量下降,而應(yīng)該定期花時(shí)間進(jìn)行調(diào)整。精簡一下語言不難得出D為答案。這是一個(gè)問答式標(biāo)題,清楚地表達(dá)了“欲速則不達(dá),想快就要慢”的道理,哲理性強(qiáng),說服力強(qiáng)。
需要說明的是,有時(shí)文章也可能沒有明確的主題信息,而需要考生讀完文章后進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié)。此時(shí)不能著急,而應(yīng)沉著冷靜地思考作者想表達(dá)的是什么觀點(diǎn),其在贊揚(yáng)什么,批評(píng)什么,從而準(zhǔn)確概括出文章主題。有時(shí)文章每一段的段首有一個(gè)段落主題句,抓住這些段落主題句并聯(lián)系起來思考一下,可以快速高效地概括文章內(nèi)容,提煉文章主題。限于篇幅,這里不再贅述。