[摘要]目的:應(yīng)用CTA影像測(cè)量下頜角周?chē)鷦?dòng)脈與下頜角手術(shù)的解剖關(guān)系,為避免手術(shù)中損傷下頜角周?chē)鷦?dòng)脈提供指導(dǎo)。方法:選擇30名正常成人下頜角及周?chē)蹸TA掃描圖像,應(yīng)用ADW4.2圖像處理軟件測(cè)量面動(dòng)脈距下頜角點(diǎn);頸外動(dòng)脈距下頜角點(diǎn)、頸外動(dòng)脈距下頜骨升支后緣各點(diǎn)的三維解剖位置。結(jié)果:面動(dòng)脈距下頜角點(diǎn)的距離為(28.26±8.34)mm;頸外動(dòng)脈據(jù)下頜角點(diǎn)的距離為(18.66±6.34)mm;頸外動(dòng)脈在下頜角點(diǎn)上10mm處距下頜骨升支后緣的距離為(12.28±5.12)mm;在下頜角點(diǎn)上20mm處距下頜骨升支后緣的距離為(9.58±5.42 )mm;在下頜角點(diǎn)上30mm處距下頜骨升支后緣的距離為(6.38±4.12)mm,在下頜角點(diǎn)上40mm處距下頜骨升支后緣的距離為(3.46±2.56)mm,左右側(cè)無(wú)顯著差異。結(jié)論:在下頜角截骨或磨削手術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)注意面動(dòng)脈和頸外動(dòng)脈的損傷,位置越高頸外動(dòng)脈距下頜升支邊緣越近。手術(shù)安全范圍應(yīng)控制在距下頜角點(diǎn)上30mm以?xún)?nèi)的位置。
[關(guān)鍵詞]下頜角手術(shù);CTA;面動(dòng)脈;頸外動(dòng)脈;下頜角
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R322 R782 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2012)02-0238-03
The measurement position study of external carotid artery and facial artery
with CTA in the mandibular angle plasty
WANG Yan,HUA Ze-quan,LIU Wen-yuan,WANG Jin-bao,LI Shu-hua
(Department of Oral and Maxillary Surgery,Department of Radiology,Shenyang Military General Hospital,Shenyang 110016,Liaoning,China)
Abstract: Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the position and course of external carotid artery and facial artery with CTA in the mandibular angle plasty,and the relationship with mandiable angle of these two vascular using computed tomographic angiography (CTA)imaging,to provide guidance in the mandibular angle plasty, and avoid a series complications caused by bleeding because damaging these vascular. Methods Multi-detector row helical CTA measurement was performed on thirty adult. With ADW4.2 software,the distances from the facial artery to mandibular angle,from the external carotid artery to mandibular angle and mandible border were analyzed. Results The distance from the external carotid artery to the gonion is (18.66±6.34)mm,and to above 10 mm from the point of gonion in the edge of mandibular border is (12.28±5.12)mm, and to above 20 mm from the point of gonion in the edge of mandibular border is (9.58±5.42mm),and to above 30 mm from the point of gonion in the edge of mandibular border is (6.38±4.12)mm,and to above 40 mm from the point of gonion in the edge of mandibular border is (3.46±2.56)mm. the distance from the facial artery to the gonion is (28.26±8.34)mm. Conclusion The study is to provide further understanding of the external carotid artery and facial artery in relation to the design of the mandibuler angle plasty,the higher of the operating position,the closer of the distance from external carotid artery to mandible,and the more likely damage the artery,In according to the data obtained, we can control the clinical safety guidelines in 30mm above the gonion.
Key words:mandibuler angle plasty;CTA;gonion;external carotid artery;facial artery;facial artery
下頜角肥大成型術(shù)易引起下頜角周?chē)軗p傷,導(dǎo)致術(shù)中出血,術(shù)后血腫[1-3],甚至窒息死亡,已得到口腔頜面外科和整形外科醫(yī)師的重視。血管損傷的原因除手術(shù)操作外,主要是對(duì)下頜角周?chē)艿慕馄饰恢昧私獠粔颉1疚膽?yīng)用CTA影像對(duì)下頜角手術(shù)相關(guān)的面動(dòng)脈,頸外動(dòng)脈的解剖位置進(jìn)行了測(cè)量研究,為臨床行下頜角成型術(shù)提供解剖指導(dǎo)。
1 材料和方法
選出30名成人,應(yīng)用CTA在下頜角截骨位置掃描。體位:仰臥,平行聽(tīng)眥線(xiàn)固定患者。 通過(guò)肘正中靜脈注射歐乃派克350mg/ml,注射速度4.5~5.2nd/s,CT型號(hào):philips :Light Speed 256 排螺旋CT 掃描儀(256-MSCT),動(dòng)脈顯影時(shí)限 25s。利用ADW4.2軟件120KV,350mA,層厚0.625,動(dòng)脈靜脈三維重建應(yīng)用VRT(Volume Rendering Technique),MPR(Multiplanar Reconstruction),MIP(Maximum Intensity Projection),CPR(curved Planar Reformation)方法進(jìn)行血管圖像重建。
在圖像上直接測(cè)量面動(dòng)脈在下頜骨的投影與下頜骨邊緣交點(diǎn)處(A)距下頜角點(diǎn)(B)的距離,頸外動(dòng)脈距下頜角點(diǎn)的距離,距下頜角點(diǎn)上10mm下頜升支后緣(C)的距離,距下頜角點(diǎn)上20mm下頜升支后緣(D)的距離,距下頜角點(diǎn)上30mm下頜升支后緣(E)的距離,距下頜角點(diǎn)上40mm下頜升支后緣(F)的距離。圖1、2為面動(dòng)脈和頸外動(dòng)脈CTA三維重建及示意圖。左右側(cè)所有測(cè)量值采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)的方法進(jìn)行比較。
2 結(jié)果
30名成人雙側(cè)CTA測(cè)量面動(dòng)脈與下頜角點(diǎn)的距離,頸外動(dòng)脈距下頜角點(diǎn),距下頜角點(diǎn)上方下頜升支后緣10mm、20mm、30mm和40mm的距離,測(cè)量結(jié)果見(jiàn)附表。左右側(cè)的所有測(cè)量值經(jīng)配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),故將左右兩側(cè)合并分析。左右側(cè)的所有測(cè)量值用成對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)的方法進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果左右側(cè)在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異上均無(wú)意義(表1)。
3 討論
3.1 下頜角截骨或磨削是目前面型輪廓重塑的最為常用的術(shù)式[4-6],但隨著手術(shù)例數(shù)的增加其并發(fā)癥也逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來(lái),其中術(shù)中出血,術(shù)后血腫是嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥之一。
3.2 頸外動(dòng)脈自頸總動(dòng)脈起始后,向上后走行,經(jīng)二腹肌后腹及莖突舌骨肌深面,穿腮腺實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)或其深面,行至下頜骨髁突頸部?jī)?nèi)后方,分為上頜動(dòng)脈與顳淺動(dòng)脈兩終支。面動(dòng)脈起自頸外動(dòng)脈前壁,經(jīng)二腹肌后腹與莖突舌骨肌深面,進(jìn)入下頜下三角,穿下頜下腺鞘達(dá)腺的上緣,經(jīng)腺體轉(zhuǎn)向外,在咬肌附著處前緣,呈弓形繞過(guò)下頜骨體的下緣上行至面部。研究頸外動(dòng)脈和面動(dòng)脈的走向、位置及與下頜骨的關(guān)系對(duì)于預(yù)防下頜角肥大等下頜骨手術(shù)中的血管損傷極為重要[7-8]。通過(guò)30名成人頸外動(dòng)脈在下頜角手術(shù)區(qū)位置的CTA測(cè)量研究顯示:面動(dòng)脈距下頜角點(diǎn)的距離為(28.26±8.34)mm,頸外動(dòng)脈距下頜角點(diǎn)為(18.66±6.634)mm,距下頜角點(diǎn)上10mm處為(12.28±5.12)mm,距下頜角點(diǎn)上20mm處為(958±5.42)mm,距下頜角點(diǎn)上30mm處為(6.38±4.12)mm,距下頜角點(diǎn)上40mm處為(3.46±2.56)mm,左右側(cè)無(wú)顯著差異。根據(jù)我們所測(cè)得的解剖數(shù)據(jù)及臨床應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗(yàn),應(yīng)用高速骨鉆或骨鋸行下頜角截骨時(shí),應(yīng)注意截骨區(qū)頸外動(dòng)脈的解剖位置,截骨線(xiàn)位置越高損傷頸外動(dòng)脈的幾率越高,因頸外動(dòng)脈隨位置升高而距下頜骨后緣則越近,甚至緊貼下頜骨后緣。所以,下頜角后截骨操作時(shí)位置越低越安全,截骨線(xiàn)控制在距下頜角點(diǎn)上30mm以?xún)?nèi)較為安全。頸外動(dòng)脈在下頜骨升支后緣處管腔較大,此處一旦破裂出血,口內(nèi)結(jié)扎止血較為困難。頸外動(dòng)脈與下頜骨升支后緣之間僅隔以骨膜或薄層腮腺組織[9-10],應(yīng)將骨膜完整剝離后截骨,截骨時(shí)須注意保護(hù)此處骨膜以免損傷頸外動(dòng)脈。
3.3 以往對(duì)下頜角區(qū)域血管的解剖形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的研究主要是面動(dòng)脈,但在臨床實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)在下頜角手術(shù)中升支后部出血也是常見(jiàn)的出血原因之一。而且,頸外動(dòng)脈位置深,管腔大,血管一旦損傷,不易止血。利用CTA測(cè)量下頜角周?chē)鷦?dòng)脈,測(cè)量方便、準(zhǔn)確、誤差小,可獲得較為準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)。如在下頜角手術(shù)前應(yīng)用CTA測(cè)量頸外動(dòng)脈的位置和走行,可為個(gè)體手術(shù)時(shí)提供一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的解剖數(shù)值,供臨床醫(yī)生在行下頜角手術(shù)中參考,從而能有效地避免頸外動(dòng)脈的損傷,減少術(shù)中和術(shù)后出血等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。在下頜角截骨或磨削手術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)注意面動(dòng)脈和頸外動(dòng)脈的損傷,在升支后緣截骨時(shí)截骨位置不易過(guò)高,應(yīng)控制在下頜角點(diǎn)上30mm以?xún)?nèi)。
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[收稿日期]2011-09-13 [修回日期]2011-11-29
編輯/張惠娟