被動語態教學歸類

一、被動語態的使用情況

被動語態是英語中的兩大語態之一，它表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態通常在以下情況下使用：

1.不知道誰是動作的執行者。如：

It is found that Tom was murdered and the police has taken action to look into the case.

句意為“有人發現湯姆被殺，警方已采取行動調查此事”。顯然“謀殺”這個動作的執行者是未知的，此時用被動語態更適宜。

2.沒有必要指出誰是動作的執行者。如：

Fresh fruit is sold in this market.

句意為“這個市場出售新鮮水果”。“出售”這個動作的執行者是人人皆知的，沒有必要指出具體是誰。

3.強調動作的承受者。如：

A Tale of Two Cities was written by Dickens.

句意為“《雙城記》的作者是狄更斯”。此處“A Tale of Two Cities”是句子的重心，即主語是強調的對象， 但這并不是說by引起的狀語不重要，如果把它們去掉，往往句意不完整。by 為了句式的變化或句子結構的平衡。如：

The leader was killed by a terrorist who was arrested immediately after the exploding.

句意為“那位領導人被一個恐怖分子殺害了，爆炸事件發生后這個恐怖分子立即被逮捕了”。這句話如果用主動語態表達，整個句子結構就會顯得頭重腳輕。又如：

The government is going to build a new school next year and it is going to be built in the poor village.

句意為“明年政府要建一所新的學校，就建在那個貧困村”。如果后一句也用主動語態表達，前后兩個句子的句式相同，句子結構便顯得呆板、啰嗦。

有些情況如公告、通知、報紙標題等，有時用被動語態（被動結構）更適宜。如：

No books are to be taken out of the reading room. 書籍不得帶出閱覽室。（公告）

You are asked to be punctual for the examination. 大家務必準時到達考場。（通知）

Some people kidnapped！平民遭綁架！（報紙標題）

二、被動語態的結構

一般來說，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞（短語）才有被動語態。動作的執行者一般由介詞by引起的短語來表示（by短語常可以省略）。被動語態由“助動詞be+過去分詞”構成。現以動詞do為例，列出常用的八種時態的被動語態。

1.一般現在時： is / am / are + done。如：

How is this word pronounced？這個單詞怎么發音？

2.一般過去時： was / were + done。如：

She was asked to sing a song. 大家要求她唱首歌。

3.一般將來時：will / shall + be done或is / am / are going to + be done。如：

Some of you will be sent to America for further training. 你們中有些人將被送到美國接受進一步的培訓。

The trees are going to be planted in this area. 這些樹將被種植在這個區域。

4.現在進行時： is / am / are + being done。如：

The classroom is being cleaned by the students. 學生們正在打掃教室。

5.現在完成時： have / has + been done。如：

All the work has been finished. 所有工作都已完成了。

6.過去進行時： was / were + being done。如：

Mom told me that grandma was being taken good care of in that nursing home. 媽媽告訴我奶奶在那個療養院被照顧得很好。

7.過去完成時： had + been done。如：

It was the first time that I had been criticized in public. 那是我第一次當眾挨批。

8.過去將來時： would + be done。如：

He did know he would be assigned the complex job. 他就知道這項復雜的工作會安排給他。

9.情態動詞的被動結構為“情態動詞 + be done”。如：

Everything that can be done has been done. 能做的都已經做了。

另外，有些及物動詞常常用于被動結構中，這類動詞有be acclaimed， be suspended， be overcome， be indicated， be inferred， be born等。如：

He has been widely acclaimed for his hard work. 他因為工作努力而受到普遍贊揚。

A model plane is suspended above the stage. 舞臺上方懸掛著一個飛機模型。

I was born in a poor family. 我出生在一個貧窮的家庭。

三、主動語態轉換為被動語態時的注意事項

1.帶復合賓語的動詞作謂語的主動句轉換為被動句時，將主動句中的賓語變為被動句的主語即可。如：

His words made me throw up. → I was made to throw up by his words. 他的話令我嘔吐。

需要注意的是，在主動語態中， make， hear， see等詞后接不定式時要省略to，但轉換為被動語態時，則不能省略to。

2.帶雙賓語的動詞作謂語的主動句轉換為被動句時，可將表物的直接賓語變為主語，用for或to引出表人的間接賓語，或將表人的間接賓語變為主語即可。如：

My father is telling me an interesting story now. → An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. →I’m being told an interesting story by my father now. 爸爸正在給我講一個有趣的故事。

3.動詞短語作謂語的主動句轉換為被動句時，要把動詞短語作為一個整體使用，而不能將其分開或去掉某部分。如：

My grandparents have taken good care of me these years. → I have been taken good care of by my grandparents these years. 這些年來爺爺奶奶一直把我照顧得很好。

當然，還有一些其他的特殊情況，同學們在學習過程中要注意總結，真正做到融會貫通。

（作者單位 陜西省富平縣美原中學）