
名詞是初中英語教學中最重要、用途最廣泛的詞類之一。就考點而言,中考對名詞的考查主要涉及可數名詞的單數和復數、不可數名詞、名詞的所有格以及名詞的常識用法等。就題型而言,中考對考查名詞的題型主要有單詞拼寫和選擇填空等。本文就中考對名詞的考查要點作歸納總結,以期對同學們的復習備考能有所幫助。
一、考查名詞的基本含義
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各地中考試題把名詞的基本含義作為測試要求。這類試題不是考查考生對語法知識的掌握,而是要求考生能讀懂句子,理解句意,從而判斷出正確答案。
【考題傳真】—Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly?
—Yes, I think a _______ tree can help you a lot. (2012年 南京)
A. grammar B. equation C. punctuation D. vocabulary
[簡析]該題考查名詞的辨析。grammar意為“語法”,equation意為“方程”,punctuation意為“標點”,vocabulary意為“詞匯”。根據上文“你能告訴我怎樣快速的記住單詞嗎?”可知正確答案應該是D項。
二、考查名詞的數
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對可數名詞單、復數和不可數名詞的考查是各市中考的熱點。做好此類試題的關鍵是要抓住名詞前的修飾語,這些修飾語往往是判斷名詞單、復數或不可數名詞形式的標志。此外,對不規則變化的名詞復數形式的考查也是常設的考點,考生在復習時要熟練掌握。
【考題傳真】I’m going to the supermarket to buy some _____ this afternoon. (2012年 陜西)
A. paper and pencil B. apples and bananas C. milks and eggs D. bowl and spoons
[簡析]審題后可以發現“some”是解該題的關鍵所在。some后既可接可數名詞,也可接不可數名詞,但后接可數名詞時必須要用其復數形式,故B項正確。
【知識清單】
1. 普通名詞的復數直接加-s或 -es,通常有以下幾種情況。
(1) 大部分名詞直接在詞尾加-s;
(2) class, box, watch, brush等詞以 s, x, ch, sh, 結尾,復數要加-es;
(3) story, factory 等以“輔音字母+y”結尾的詞復數要先將-y 變成-i再加-es;
(4) knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe結尾的詞一般先將-f或-fe變為-v, 再加-es;
(5) 以-o結尾的名詞,一般來說,末尾是“元音字母+o”的詞加-s,我們學過的有radio, zoo等。末尾是“輔音字母+o”的詞,變復數加-es。如:tomato, hero, potato等, 但piano和photo例外,需要加-s。
2. 變化不規則的名詞,主要有兩種情況。
(1) child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice, man→men, woman→women等詞的復數變化基本沒有規則。
注意:由 man 和 woman構成的合成詞,其復數形式也是-men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。
(2) deer,sheep等詞單復數同形。people,police等集體名詞,以單數形式出現,但實為復數,所以它們的謂語用復數形式。the English,the French,the Chinese等名詞表示國民總稱時,也作復數用。
3.形似名詞復數,但實為不可數名詞。
如:maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,雖然以-s結尾,實為不可數名詞。再如,the United States(美國),the United Nations(聯合國)等應視為單數。
三、考查名詞的格
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名詞的所有格表示名詞與所言事物的所屬關系。它有兩種不同的形式,一是由名詞末尾加“ 's”構成,以-s或-es結尾的復數名詞只加“’”;二是由介詞of加名詞構成。對多重名詞并列時所有格形式的考查是各地中考試題的熱點:當強調共有關系時,在最后一個名詞后加“'s”;當強調各自擁有時,應在每一個名詞后面均加“'s”。
【考題傳真】—How far is it from your home to school?
—It’s about twenty ______ walk. (2012年 恩施)
A. minute’s B. minutes’ C. minutes
[簡析]本題考查名詞的所有格。名詞的所有格通常是在詞尾加’s,以s結尾的加“’”。根據句意“大約二十分鐘步行的路程”,故用復數的所有格,因此答案應該選B。
四、考查專有名詞的用法
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對專有名詞用法的考查是近年來的熱點。要做好這類試題,要求考生開闊視野,對中外的歷史、地理、風土人情、傳統風俗、生活方式、文學藝術等要十分熟悉,做到胸有成竹。
【考題傳真】 The people in western countries celebrate _______ by making pumpkin lanterns and wearing special costumes with masks. (2012年 泰州)
A. Christmas B. Halloween C. Thanksgiving Day D. New Year’s Day
[簡析]根據題干中 “making pumpkin lanterns”和 “wearing special costumes with masks”可以知道這是 “萬圣節(Halloween)的相關活動, 因此,B項正確。
強化訓練
一、根據句子意思和所給提示,補全下列句子,使句子完整、正確。
1. Please give me a piece of __________ (紙) to draw a picture on.
2. The tourists had no __________(選擇)but to wait for the next train.
3. ___________(英雄) appeared one after another after the big earthquake.
4. In order to make our hometown more beautiful, we have to do something change the __________ (環境).
5. Supermarkets don’t offer plastic shopping _______(袋)to the customers for free now.
6. Science is one of my favorite s___________. What about you?
7. He likes sports, while my h__________ are singing, dancing and reading.
8. —Could you give us some a___________ on how to learn English well?
—I'd be glad to.
9. How many kinds of flowers are there in Mr. Smith’s g_________?
10. For breakfast he usually has two p_________ of bread, a glass of milk and some oranges.
11. Some advertisements tell the __________ (true) and some don’t.
12. It is said that eight ________ (glass) of water a day can help you keep fit.
13. The ________ (shelf) in the library are very old. We need to buy some new ones.
14. Last week I went to my __________ (aunt) house to teach her how to send e-mails.
15. The woman’s __________ (operate) was performed by an ORBIS doctor on the plane.
二、選擇填空
1. —You didn’t send me an e-mail last night, did you?
—Sorry. My ______ broke down. I couldn’t get online.
A. computer B. car C. clock D. camera
2. —Hurry up, Jack!
—Just give me five minutes to put my desk in _________.
A. time B. line C. order D. shape
3. Hey! If you want to find about new cartoons, have a look at this ______. It’s great.
A. time B. website C. photo D. rock
4. He didn’t tell his parents he was going home because he wanted to give them a __________.
A. joy B. surprise C. shock D. happiness
5. —I want to go to the West Lake, but I don’t know the way.
—A _________ will help you, I think.
A. map B. book C. diary D. dictionary
6. She has been in Nanjing for ten years. Nanjing has become her second ________.
A. family B. house C. hometown D. room
7. The sweetest _____ in the world is birds' singing, I think.
A. cry B. noise C. voice D. sound
8. All the _______ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday.
A. man B. men C. woman D. women
9. We have bought two ________ for the coming party.
A. box of apple B. boxes of apples C. box of apples D. boxes of apple
10. —Do you know that fat woman with a small bag on her arm?
—Yes. She is _________ mother.
A. Lily and Sandy's B. Lily's and Sandy's
C. Lily's and Sandy D. Lily and Sandys
11.________ mothers couldn't go to the meeting, because they have gone to Chengdu.
A. Lily and Lucy's B. Lily's and Lucy's
C. Lily and Lucy D. Lily's and Lucy
12. Can you imagine what life will be like in _________ time?
A. 20 years’ B. 20 year’s C. 20-years’ D. 20-years
13. —Which of the following cities is not a capital city?
—________.
A. Sydney B. Moscow C. Paris D. Tokyo
14. Which sign means “No Photos”?
A B C D
15. Mr. Smith had a trip to France last summer. Which of the following is the picture he took there?
A B C D
Keys:
一、1. paper 2. choice 3. Heroes 4. environment 5. bags 6. subjects 7. hobbies 8. advice 9. garden 10. pieces 11. truth 12. glasses 13. shelves 14. aunt’s 15. operation
二、1-5 ACBB A6-10 CDDBA 11-15 B A ACD