沈光林 馬曉萍 孫興懷
(1.復旦大學附屬中山醫院眼科,上海 200032;2.復旦大學附屬眼耳鼻喉科醫院眼科,上海 200031)
青光眼是一種進行性神經退行性病變,是世界上第二大致盲性疾病,近年來青光眼的發病率逐年升高,估計2010年全球約有6千萬例青光眼患者[1]。研究[2-3]發現,青光眼與精神狀態密切相關,由于青光眼的不可逆性和最終的致盲結局,給患者造成較重的心理負擔。既往研究[4-5]顯示,10%~12%的青光眼患者有抑郁表現,在嚴重的青光眼患者中,抑郁的發病率可達32.1%[6]。有研究[7]發現,抑郁會影響青光眼患者的藥物依從性。青光眼患者中抑郁的發病與多種因素相關,如年齡、青光眼的嚴重程度等。目前,青光眼患者抑郁的具體發病機制尚不清楚,可能與褪黑激素的作用有關。常用醫院焦慮抑郁量表(hospital anxiety and depression scales,HADS)來評估青光眼患者的抑郁狀況[8]。20年來,對青光眼患者生活質量的研究越來越多,青光眼患者的心理狀況也受到重視[9],因此,對于青光眼患者除了進行藥物、手術等治療外,有必要對其進行心理治療。
近年來,國內外學者對青光眼患者的抑郁狀況進行了流行病學調查,大部分研究結果顯示青光眼患者抑郁的發病率較高,抑郁與青光眼關系密切。Wang 等[10]對美國2005—2008年的青光眼患者進行大樣本的橫斷面研究,結果顯示,青光眼患者抑郁的發病率為10.9%。Mabuchi等[5]對日本200例原發性開角型青光眼(primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG)患者的多中心調查顯示,10.9%的青光眼患者有抑郁表現。澳大利亞青光眼患者中抑郁的發病率為19.09%[6];英國200例青光眼患者抑郁的發病率為9.0%[7]。
目前,國內關于青光眼患者抑郁狀況的研究較少,復旦大學附屬眼耳鼻喉科醫院對上海地區青光眼患者的調查顯示,抑郁的發病率達16.4%[8]。另外,還有研究[11]顯示,原發性閉角型青光眼(primary angle closure glaucoma,PACG)患者抑郁發病率高于POAG患者。但是,也有研究[12]表明青光眼患者抑郁的發病率與正常人無顯著差異。
青光眼患者抑郁的發病率較高,但目前對青光眼患者抑郁的發生因素的研究較少。Skalicky等[6]根據青光眼患者雙眼視野缺失程度,將131例青光眼患者分成輕度、中度和重度3組進行研究,結果顯示,隨著青光眼嚴重程度的增加,抑郁的發病率也隨之增加,并且年齡和青光眼生活質量-15(glaucoma quality of life-15,GQL-15)是抑郁的獨立危險因素。Agorastos等[13]的研究亦發現視野損害是青光眼患者發生抑郁的重要因素。研究[10,14]認為,青光眼患者主觀的視功能評估可反映青光眼患者的抑郁狀況,而客觀的視力檢查則不能。
Zhou等[8]的研究表明,青光眼患者病程越長,GQL-15評分越高,越容易出現抑郁癥狀,其結果與Mabuchi等[15]的研究結果基本一致。此外,Tastan等[16]還發現,未婚青光眼患者比已婚患者更容易出現抑郁癥狀。目前,對于β受體阻滯劑是否會增加青光眼患者抑郁的發病率尚存爭議[17-18]。有研究[19]報告,應用非選擇性β受體阻滯劑比β1受體阻滯劑更容易引起青光眼患者的抑郁癥狀。總之,青光眼患者發生抑郁的因素有很多,但目前的相關研究大多存在一定的局限性,比如研究樣本較少、選擇偏倚等。
關于青光眼患者發生抑郁的相關發病機制,目前尚不清楚。對于青光眼患者來說,疾病本身、對視力喪失的恐懼心理、治療潛在的不良反應都可能與抑郁的發生有關[14]。青光眼和抑郁癥都屬于心理生理疾病,兩者的病因都很復雜且有類似之處,比如兩者的發病均與遺傳因素有關,但它們的發病相關基因有無聯系,目前尚不清楚。
應激是PACG急性發作的重要誘因,同時也與抑郁的發生關系密切。此外,青光眼患者常有急躁、易怒、消極等人格特征,這些人格特征也可能與抑郁的發病相關[20]。
近年來,關于青光眼的眾多伴隨狀態疾病包括失眠、抑郁、焦慮等的研究有了新的進展,其中與褪黑激素相關的發病機制已被提出[21]。2002年,學者在哺乳動物視網膜上發現了除視錐細胞、視桿細胞之外的第3種感光細胞,并證實該細胞是視網膜神經節細胞的一種亞型,含量約占視網膜神經節細胞的1%,其能夠表達一種名為melanopsin的視色素[22-23]。表達melanopsin的視網膜神經節細胞主要投射到視交叉上核、室旁核等下丘腦核團和基底部邊緣系統[23-24]。視交叉上核是人腦內最重要的生理晝夜節律調節器[25],而褪黑激素主要由松果體分泌,并受視交叉上核控制的晝夜節律的調節[26]。
有研究[27-28]認為,青光眼患者的視神經病變包括視網膜神經節細胞的丟失,故影響視網膜向下丘腦視交叉上核的投射。除眼壓外,氧化應激損傷被認為是引起青光眼患者視神經病變的另一重要原因[29]。褪黑激素可以對抗氧化應激損傷,保護視神經,也可以有效降低眼內壓[30-31]。同時,研究[32-33]表明,褪黑激素與抑郁癥的發病有關,抑郁癥患者夜間褪黑激素分泌水平較正常人低[33]。
近年來,青光眼患者的生活質量越來越受到人們關注,這方面的研究也日益增多。多個地區的流行病學調查顯示,青光眼患者合并抑郁的發生率較高。青光眼患者的抑郁癥狀可能與多種因素相關,比如年齡、青光眼的嚴重程度等。目前,對于青光眼患者抑郁的相關發病機制尚不清楚,可能與褪黑激素的作用有關,尚待進一步研究。基于青光眼患者中抑郁的高發情況,除了藥物、手術等治療外,有必要對其進行心理治療。
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