王雪梅 楊培根 王 彬
強化他汀治療對急診PCI術后早期心率變異性及惡性室性心律失常的影響
王雪梅1楊培根2王 彬1
目的 探討大劑量阿托伐他汀(80 mg/d)對急診冠狀動脈介入(PCI)術后早期心率變異性(HRV)及惡性室性心律失常(MVA)的影響。方法將350例行急診PCI治療的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者隨機均分為大劑量他汀組(大劑量組)和常規劑量他汀組(常規劑量組),另設對照組85例。大劑量組入院立即口服阿托伐他汀80 mg/d,第2天起改為40 mg/d,常規劑量組入院立即口服阿托伐他汀40 mg/d,第2天起改為20 mg/d。術后24 h連續行動態心電圖(Holter)檢測,并根據Holter結果比較各組HRV及MVA發生率。結果大劑量組和常規劑量組SDNN(ms:108.3±21.5、70.6±17.6)、SDANN(ms:111.7±19.2、65.9±18.5)、RMSSD(ms:25.6±8.3、18.7±10.2)和PNN50(%:14.7±5.9、6.9±3.4)均低于正常對照組(分別為122.5±23.8、119.6±15.2、29.2±9.3及17.7±6.5),大劑量組高于常規劑量組(均P<0.05)。大劑量組和常規劑量組MVA發生率均高于正常對照組(12.00%vs 21.14%vs 2.35%),大劑量組低于常規劑量組(χ2=5.29,P<0.05)。結論AMI患者梗死早期HRV減低,MVA發生率增加;大劑量阿托伐他汀能夠增加急診PCI術后早期HRV,并降低MVA發生率。
心肌梗死;血管成形術,經腔,經皮冠狀動脈;心率;自主神經系統;心律失常,心性;冠狀動脈介入術;心率變異性;惡性室性心律失常;阿托伐他汀
[Key words]myocardial infarction;angioplasty,transluminal,percutaneous coronary;heart rate;autonomic nervous system;arrhythmias,cardiac;PCI;heart rate variability;malignant ventricular arrhythmia;Atorvastatin
惡性室性心律失常(MVA)是急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者早期主要的生命威脅之一[1]。研究表明引起AMI患者MVA的因素除心肌代謝障礙所導致的電活動不穩定外,還與精神心理應激和急性缺血導致的自主神經平衡失調有關[2]。心率變異性(HRV)檢測尤其是分段24 h竇性R-R間期標準差(SDNN)在評估心臟自主神經系統功能中具有重要作用,對心肌梗死患者的預后有重要意義[3]。他汀類藥物具備調脂、抗炎、抗氧化、穩定跨膜離子通道、改善心肌傳導性和興奮性等多重功效,已有臨床研究報道入院早期常規劑量的他汀治療可以明顯降低AMI患者MVA的發生率[4]。本研究進一步從臨床角度探討大劑量阿托伐他汀對AMI患者急診冠狀動脈介入(PCI)術后早期HRV及MVA的影響。
1.1 一般資料 選取2010年1月—2013年1月于我院住院行急診PCI治療的AMI患者350例,男206例,女144例。入選標準:(1)符合ST抬高型急性心肌梗死(STEMI)的最新診斷標準,并符合急診PCI的適應證[5]。(2)已簽署知情同意書并經院臨床醫學科研倫理道德委員會的批準。排除標準:(1)合并貧血、發熱、甲狀腺功能異常及血清電解質異常。(2)2周內曾使用胺碘酮、美托洛爾等抗心律失常藥、他汀類藥物、ACEI類藥物及抗膽堿藥物者。(3)房撲、房顫及接受臨時或永久起搏治療者。(4)重度心衰及肝腎功能不全者。按照就診順序將其分為大劑量他汀組(大劑量組)和常規劑量他汀組(常規劑量組),各175例。另選取經冠脈造影、心臟多普勒超聲和心電圖證實的非器質性心臟病患者85例為對照組。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 治療方法 患者入院簽署急診PCI同意書后,立即口服阿司匹林、氯吡格雷300 mg強化抗血小板聚集治療,急查凝血全項、心肌酶、肌鈣蛋白、腦鈉肽(BNP)、肝腎功能及電解質、床旁胸片及心臟多普勒超聲檢查,充分術前準備。大劑量組在入院后立即口服阿托伐他汀(商品名:立普妥,輝瑞制藥公司生產)80 mg,第2天起改為40 mg/d;常規劑量組在入院后立即口服阿托伐他汀40 mg,第2天起改為20 mg/d。術后給予水化治療預防造影劑腎病,第7天復查肝功能。
1.2.2 動態心電圖(Holter)檢測 術后立即連續24 h行動態心電圖檢測,檢測結果均由同一名經驗豐富的醫師讀取。選取時域性分析指標包括:SDNN、24 h內每5 min平均心率標準差(SDANN)、24 h內全部竇性R-R間期差值的均方根(RMSSD)、24 h內相鄰R-R間期差>50 ms心率數占所分析信息間期內心率數的百分比(PNN50)。根據上述Holter結果,采用LOWN分級法將MVA進行分級,平均室性早搏<30次/h為1級;平均室性早搏≥30次/h為2級;多形性室性早搏為3級;室性早搏連發為4級A,短陣室性心動過速為4級B;RonT室性早搏或多形性室性心動過速、尖端扭轉室性心動過速為5級。其中AMI后LOWN分級>3級者定義為MVA,LOWN分級≤3級者為非MVA。假設正常對照組適用LOWN分級。
1.3 統計學方法 采用SPSS 13.0軟件進行統計分析,計量資料以±s表示,多組間比較行單因素方差分析,組間多重比較采用SNK-q檢驗。計數資料以例(%)表示,多組間比較行χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1 3組患者一般情況比較 3組性別構成、年齡、吸煙史、高血壓、糖尿病、血鉀和肌酐水平差異均無統計學意義,常規劑量組和大劑量組陳舊性心肌梗死病史構成、肌酸激酶同工酶和肌鈣蛋白I水平均高于對照組,心臟射血分數低于對照組(均P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 急診PCI結果 大劑量組單支血管病變104例,雙支病變58例,三支病變13例。常規劑量他汀組單支病變112例,雙支病變55例,三支病變8例,2組比較差異無統計學意義(χ2=1.37,P>0.05)。2組患者均實現梗死相關血管的再通。
2.3 3組患者HRV時域分析指標比較 大劑量組和常規劑量組SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD和PNN50均低于對照組,大劑量組高于常規劑量組(均P<0.05),見表2。
Table 2 Comparison of time domain analysis between three groups表2 3組患者HRV時域分析指標比較 (±s)
組別對照組常規劑量組大劑量組F n 85 175 175 SDNN(ms) 122.5±23.8 70.6±17.6a108.3±21.5ab7.08**SDANN(ms) 119.6±15.2 65.9±18.5a111.7±19.2ab11.65**RMSSD(ms) 29.2±9.3 18.7±10.2a25.6±8.3ab9.07**PNN50(%) 17.7±6.5 6.9±3.4a14.7±5.9ab13.55**
2.4 3組MVA發生率的比較 大劑量組、常規劑量組和對照組MVA發生率分別為12.00%(21/175)、21.14%(37/175)和2.35%(2/85),大劑量組和常規劑量組均高于對照組,大劑量組低于常規劑量組(χ2=5.29,P<0.05)。
2.5 AMI患者不良反應發生情況 常規劑量組丙氨酸轉氨酶均無升高,大劑量組有3例丙氨酸轉氨酶升高至正常值上限的1.2~2倍,將阿托伐他汀減量至20 mg/d,7 d后復查,基本恢復正常。
AMI患者在梗死發生后往往存在自主神經系統功能障礙,表現為交感神經活動增強、迷走神經活動下降。Huikuri等[6]研究顯示AMI患者尤其是左室功能不全者的HRV明顯減低,且其對致命性心律失常有預測價值。楊琦[7]、李潔芳等[8]研究顯示,自主神經功能失調參與了AMI患者MVA的形成,HRV與MVA、猝死的發生率呈正相關。本研究結果顯示AMI患者HRV時域分析指標均低于對照組,MVA發生率高于對照組,與上述研究結果相似。
近年來多項研究指出他汀類藥物具有降脂以外的抗炎、抗氧化、內皮保護、穩定細胞膜、防止心臟重構等多重作用[9]。4S和LIPID兩項大型研究均顯示,冠心病患者使用他汀類藥物能夠改善患者的心臟自主神經功能,減少心律失常導致的死亡事件[10]。Frasure-Smith等[11]研究表明,AMI患者HRV指標與血中氧化、炎性指標(如C反應蛋白,白細胞介素-6等)呈顯著負相關,提示氧化炎癥反應與HRV的減低有關。本研究中大劑量阿托伐他汀較常規劑量更能夠增加AMI早期HRV,降低MVA的發生率,進一步支持了上述研究結果。
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(2013-08-01收稿 2013-09-03修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)
The Influence of High-Dose Atorvastatin in Heart Rate Variability and Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmia in Patients Underwent Emergency PCI
WANG Xuemei1,YANG Peigen2,WANG Bin1
1 Department of Cardiology,Ninghe Hospital,Tianjin 301500,China;2 Department of Cardiology,Tianjin Chest Hospital
ObjectiveTo study the influence of high dose atorvastatin(80 mg/d)in early heart rate variability and malignant ventricular arrhythmia in patients underwent emergency coronary intervention(PCI).MethodsA total of 350 patients underwent emergency PCI were randomly divided into two groups:high dose atorvastatin group and regular dose atorvastatin group.And 85 cases of control were enrolled randomly.The patients using high dose atorvastatin group
atorvastatin 80 mg orally STAT upon hospitalization and 40 mg once a day from the second day.The patients using regular dose atorvastatin group received atorvastatin 40 mg orally STAT after hospitalization and 20 mg once a day from the second day. Patients were monitored by continuous dynamic electrocardiogram for 24 hours after PCI.According to the results of dynamic electrocardiogram,the early heart rate variability(HRV)and rate of malignant ventricular arrhythmia(MVA)were measured and compared between three groups.ResultsThe values of standard deviation of all normal sinus RR intervals over 24 h (SDNN)were(108.3±21.5)ms and(70.6±17.6)ms for high dose atorvastatin group and regular dose atorvastatin group respectively.The values of SDNN measured every 5 minutes during 24 hours(SDANN)were(111.7±19.2)ms and(65.9±18.5)ms respectively,and values of root-mean-square of successive normal sinus RR interval difference(RMSSD)were(25.6±8.3)ms and(18.7±10.2)ms respectively,and the percentage of adjacent RR intervals that differed by more than 50 ms(PNN50)were(14.7±5.9)%and(6.9±3.4)%for high dose atorvastatin group and regular dose atorvastatin group respectively.The above data were significantly lower than those in control group[(122.5±23.8)ms and(119.6±15.2)ms,(29.2±9.3) ms and(17.7±6.5)%,P<0.05].There were significantly higher values in high dose atorvastatin group than those in regular dose atorvastatin group(P<0.05).The incidence rate of MVA was much higher in high dose atorvastatin group and regular dose atorvastatin group than that in normal control group(12.00%vs 21.14%vs 2.35%).The incidence rate of MVA was significantly lower in high dose atorvastatin group than that in regular dose atorvastatin group(χ2=5.29,P<0.05).ConclusionThe HRV was significantly reduced and the incidence rate of MVA was much higher in patients with early AMI.Highdose atorvastatin can increase the HRV and decrease the incidence rate of MVA in patients underwent emergency PCI.
R542.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2014.04.021
1天津市寧河縣醫院心內科(郵編301500);2天津市胸科醫院心內七科