郭洪亮韓亞軍伊力哈木·托合提
Lisfranc損傷術后創傷性關節炎的臨床研究*
郭洪亮①韓亞軍①伊力哈木·托合提①
目的:評估Lisfranc損傷術后創傷性關節炎的臨床研究。方法:選取本院19例伴有Lisfranc損傷的患者,其中男15例,女4例,年齡21~58歲,平均41歲。患者損傷后進行了切開復位內固定和閉合復位內固定術(采用空心螺釘和克氏針)。骨折情況:同側7例,單獨型7例,分離型5例。其中6例為開放性骨折,8例損害5個跖跗關節,6例僅有韌帶損傷。采用MFS和AOFAS評分系統對結果進行評估,負重位X線片評估完全復位、半脫位、排列錯亂和術后創傷性關節炎。結果:隨訪24~40個月,平均30個月。解剖復位組的AOFAS評分為(79.3±4.85)分,MFS評分為(80.4±4.11)分,均高于非解剖復位組的(67.5±5.13)分、(69.4±6.07)分,差異均有統計學意義(P=0.0007、P=0.0009);非解剖組的術后創傷性關節炎發生率較解剖組更易發生(P=0.037)。4例患者發展成術后創傷性關節炎,其中1例在內固定取出后發展成橫向半脫位,2例患者發展成平足。2例患者有嚴重的功能受限,其中1例患者進行了關節融合。復合骨折的2例患者出現傷口的表面感染。3例患者出現空心釘的斷裂。結論:采用解剖復位治療Lisfranc損傷的患者,療效較好,很少發展成關節炎。
創傷性關節炎; Lisfranc損傷; 內固定術
Lisfranc損傷比較罕見,發生率占全部骨折的0.2%,這個數字可能被低估,因為Lisfranc損傷中20%~40%被忽略或被誤診成足扭傷或單純跖跗骨骨折[1-3]。如果不合理的治療,嚴重的骨不連或者功能損害可能出現[4]。閉合復位和石膏固定可能導致差的治療結果和重新出現移位[5-6]。解剖復位和內固定目前被公眾認可,但切開復位內固定中不伴有骨折的韌帶損傷也會與差的術后恢復結果聯系在一起[7-10]。筆者評估空心螺釘與克氏針治療Lisfranc損傷術后創傷性關節炎的決定危險因素。
1.1 一般資料 選取2009年11月-2012年4月本院19例伴有Lisfranc損傷的患者,其中男15例,女4例;年齡21~58歲,平均41歲;患者經歷了開放/閉合復位和內固定(采用空心螺釘和克氏針),伴有Lisfranc損傷(圖1)。排除瘦弱、先天性畸形、先天性神經系統疾病、擠壓傷的患者。Lisfranc骨折分型:同側(I型)7例,單獨型(II型)7例,分離型(III型)5例。患者中右足損傷10例,開放性骨折6例,多重創傷3例;3例有身體同側的下肢骨折,8例損傷5個跖跗關節,4例僅損傷了內側柱,3例僅損傷后柱,6例單純韌帶損傷,13例骨折脫位。對于上述lisfranc損傷骨折情況不穩定的患者筆者采用切開復位內固定術(用螺釘和克氏針),這些患者被定義為在負重位X線上內側柱排列紊亂移位>1 mm,或者骰骨和第四跖骨在斜位片上排列紊亂,或者第二跖骨和中間楔骨在正側位X線片上丟失正常的隊列[11]。

圖1 Lisfranc損傷及術后復查
1.2 手術方法 腫脹消退后,患者接受治療,所有患者先進行閉合復位,閉合復位失敗后采用切開復位內固定術。在第一和第二跖骨基底之間背側踇長伸肌腱旁側做一個長切口,背內側皮神經的內側分支注意保護。如果視野緊張,切口可以延長到末端伸肌支持帶[3,12]。足背動脈和腓深神經通過可伸縮性線圈游離。復位從第二跖骨楔骨關節開始[13]。然后復位跖骨基底骨折,小的不可復位的碎片被移除。開放性骨折要反復大量的沖洗。空心螺釘從內側楔骨橫向方向釘入,用克氏針和巾鉗臨時固定,經皮導針沿著遠端到近端方向釘入,影像學控制下觀察復位情況,術中直徑4 mm空心螺釘被使用,術中要注意螺釘頭的埋入情況,避免刺激伸肌腱。隨后第一和第三跖骨楔骨關節復位用同樣的方式固定,第四和第五跖跗關節的穩定性自然恢復。如果仍然不穩定,可在與第一切口平行的基礎上做第二切口,用克氏針固定。在關閉傷口的過程中避免縫合線過緊。其中5例采用空心螺釘固定,4例采用克氏針固定,10例同時采用空心螺釘和克氏針固定。
術后,患者在膝關節下方打踝關節中立位石膏2周。4周內患者禁止負重。6周后克氏針取出,開始逐漸負重(圖2)。空心螺釘在4個月后取出。
1.3 評價標準 疼痛、功能和外觀通過MFS評分系統和AOFAS評分系統評估[12-15]。以負重位X線片評估骨不連、半脫位、排列紊亂和術后創傷關節炎。解剖對齊:在正側位X線片跖骨的內側緣與中間楔骨一致,在斜位片上第4跖骨的內側緣與骰骨相一致,在斜位片上第三跖骨的外側緣與外側楔骨相一致,平足測量根據骰骨的跖側緣和第四跖骨的基底部的距離。

圖2 拔出克氏針后X線
1.4 統計學處理 采用SPSS 19.0統計學軟件對數據進行處理,計量資料采用(±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗,計數資料比較采用 χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
所有患者隨訪24~40個月,平均30個月。閉合復位5例患者,患者主要是僅僅損傷1個跖跗關節的患者,但閉合復位的患者均未達到解剖復位。其余14例患者均為切開復位內固定,基本達到解剖復位。所有患者MFS評分為(76.2±7.08)分,AOFAS評分為(77.5±6.73)分。解剖復位組的AOFAS評分為(79.3±4.85)分,MFS評分為(80.4±4.11)分,高于非解剖復位組的(67.5±5.13)分、(69.4±6.07)分,差異均有統計學意義(P=0.0007、P=0.0009)。骨折脫位的患者與韌帶損傷的患者在MFS與AOFAS評分上比較差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。與解剖復位組相比,非解剖復位組更容易發生后創傷性關節炎(3/5VS1/14,P=0.037),見表1。多重骨折的2例患者發展成表面感染,其中1例患者通過靜脈注入抗生素行清創術。19例患者中1例患者經歷了植皮手術。3例患者空心釘折斷。患者均未出現深靜脈血栓、疼痛性神經瘤、反射交感神經萎縮。4例患者發展成術后創傷性關節炎,其中1例在內固定物移除后發展成橫向半脫位,2例患者發展成平足。2例患者有嚴重功能受限并發癥,給予其中1例患者行關節融合。
表1 不同復位和骨折類型患者的MFS、AOFAS評分的比較(±s) 分

表1 不同復位和骨折類型患者的MFS、AOFAS評分的比較(±s) 分
分類 組別 MFS平均分 P值 AOFAS平均分 P值復位 解剖組(n=14) 80.40±4.11 0.0009 79.30±4.85 0.0007非解剖組(n=5) 69.40±6.07 67.50±5.13損傷 僅韌帶損傷組(n=6) 72.10±7.34 0.09 73.50±6.34 0.075骨與韌帶損傷組(n=13) 78.10±6.85 79.30±5.54骨折 開放組(n=5) 71.40±8.47 0.08 75.00±7.87 0.37閉合組(n=14) 77.90±5.93 78.40±6.35跖跗關節損傷的數量 <5(n=11) 74.70±7.85 0.36 76.00±7.35 0.25 5(n=8) 78.00±5.86 79.60±5.52復位 切開復位(n=14) 77.70±6.64 0.12 79.00±6.47 0.11閉合復位(n=5) 72.00±7.21 73.40±6.23
Lisfranc關節通過跗骨末端和跖骨及其間的韌帶支撐結構共同構成復雜的骨間關系來維持中足、前足的穩定[16]。內側楔骨和第二跖骨之間的骨間韌帶眾所周知被稱為Lisfranc韌帶,第一跖跗骨關節囊通過跖側和背側韌帶增強,第二跖骨通過所有楔骨鎖在了中間楔骨鄰近的凹槽榫眼中[17]。由于趾伸肌和背側韌帶支撐力量薄弱,大多數脫位朝向背側并且發生二次跖屈損傷[17]。當脫位發生時,跖跗關節的形狀和位置傾向于足的縱向軸線壓縮,跖跗關節損傷從扭傷、微妙的半脫位到全部的位移[18]。Lisfranc關節損傷后也可引起嚴重的跖跗關節排列紊亂[18-19]。治療從閉合復位用或者不使用克氏針到解剖復位和使用克氏針或者空心螺釘[20-24]。由于第一、二跖骨基底跖側斑點標記不能被廣泛認知,Lisfranc損傷被頻繁的忽視或者誤診[25-26]。公路交通事故普遍引起骨折損傷,然而通常引起沒有骨折的脫位,損傷機制可能是直接也可能是間接的[17]。直接暴力從腳底撞擊跖骨,一起橫向移位。間接暴力下前足在跖側容易改變形態出現二次骨折,足的背側韌帶的力量比跖側韌帶的力量弱,因此抵抗更少的暴力。Lisfranc損傷被分為同側型、單獨型、分離型。如果骨折不能合理的被治療,骨不連容易發生,穿鞋也很困難。疼痛畸形可能發生[4]。穩定的解剖復位術后可以產生更好的功能結構[7-9]。內固定物選擇克氏針和空心螺釘,即使在克氏針輕微較高的失敗率研究中,內側柱被空心螺釘固定,也可提供更強的更穩定的結構。然而外側柱用克氏針固定可以保護正常的移動性,用空心螺釘嚴格的固定會改變正常足動力學[27-33]。
切開復位和閉合復位已經有報道[29-31]。由于全部的力量由關節軟骨承擔,純粹的沒有骨折的韌帶損傷往往與差的術后結構相關聯的,盡管切開復位和內固定的應用。在筆者的研究中,對于Lisfranc損傷的患者當中,解剖復位是對于預測患者術后的療效的最重要的指標。解剖復位的患者很少發展成關節炎(P=0.037)并且獲得更好的MAF得分和AOFAS得分(P<0.05),關節軟骨的損傷,非解剖復位和不穩定的內固定可能導致術后創傷性關節炎。Lisfranc損傷內固定術后,對于取出的內固定后沒有確切的時間,克氏針通常8周移除,然而空心螺釘被移除在12周~3年,或者有癥狀的患者[33-34]。對于連接不全性骨折,解剖復位切開復位內固定比關節融合更加具有優越性。
筆者的研究中樣本小,具有限制性,對于進行大樣本的進一步的學習和長時間的隨訪是必要的。
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Clinical Research on Postoperative Lisfranc Injury Traumatic Arthritis
GUO Hong-liang,HAN Ya-jun,Yilihamutuoheti.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(24):034-037
Objective:Clinical research on Lisfranc injury traumatic arthritis postoperative.Method:19 cases of Lisfranc injury traumatic arthritis postoperative were selected, 15 men and 4 women, aged 21 to 58 (average, 41)years. The patients all were received Lisfranc fractures underwent open/closed reduction and internal fixation (used screw and wire). Fractures were classified as homolateral (n=7), isolated (n=7), and divergent (n=5). 6 patients had open fractures; 8 patients injured 5 tarsometatarsal joints; and 6 patients had pure ligamentous injury. Outcome was assessed using the Maryland foot score(MFS) and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. Weight-bearing radiographs were evaluated for non-union, subluxation, malalignment, and post-traumatic arthritis.Result:Patients were followed up for 24 to 40 ((average, 30) months. Patients with anatomic reduction achieved higher mean AOFAS foot score (79.3±4.85 vs 67.5±5.13,P=0.0007) and Maryland foot score (80.4±4.11 vs 69.4±6.07,P=0.0009) than did patients with non-anatomic reduction. Post-traumatic arthritis occurred significantly more often in patients with non-anatomic than anatomic reduction (3/5 vs 1/14,P=0.037). 4 patients developed post-traumatic arthritis, one of whom also developed lateral subluxation after implant removal, 2 patients developed flat foot. 2 patients had severe symptoms that limited function, one of whom underwent an arthrodesis. 2 patients with compound fractures developed superficial infections. 3 patients had broken screws.Conclusion:Lisfranc injury patients treated with anatomical repositioning, curative effect is good, seldom develop arthritis.
Post-traumatic arthritis; Lisfranc injury; Open reduction
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.24.011
2014-02-19) (本文編輯:蔡元元)
新疆維吾爾自治區科學技術支疆項目計劃(指令性)項目(2013911112)
①新疆醫科大學第二附屬醫院 新疆 烏魯木齊 830063
伊力哈木·托合提
First-author’s address:The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830063,China