胡惠靜 吳曉巖
[摘要] 目的 通過同時檢測患者血清中抗鏈球菌DNA酶B抗體(ADNase B)和抗鏈球菌溶血素O抗體(ASO)的含量,探討ADNase B檢測的臨床應用價值。 方法 采用速率散射比濁法同時檢測患者血清中ADNase B和ASO的含量。 結果 在2375名疑似風濕性疾病的患者中,405名ADNase B 超出參考范圍上限,占17.1%;220名ASO超出參考范圍上限,占9.2%;513名ADNase B和(或)ASO超出參考范圍上限,占21.6%;112名ADNase B和ASO均超出參考范圍上限,占4.7%。 結論 ADNase B的陽性檢出率高于ASO;二者聯合檢測能夠進一步提高鏈球菌感染的檢出率。
[關鍵詞] 抗鏈球菌DNA酶B抗體;抗鏈球菌溶血素O抗體;鏈球菌感染;風濕熱
[中圖分類號] R378 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)02-102-03
風濕熱(rheumatic fever,RF)是A組乙型溶血性鏈球菌感染后引起的一種自身免疫性疾病,可累及關節、心臟、皮膚等多系統,主要表現為心臟炎、多關節炎、舞蹈病、環形紅斑和皮下結節等[1-2]。心臟炎是最嚴重的并發癥,發生在30%~45%的風濕熱患者,導致以進行性永久的瓣膜病變為特點的慢性風濕性心臟病(rheumatic heart disease,RHD)[3]。1992年美國心臟協會修訂Jones診斷標準和2002~2003 WHO對風濕熱和風心病診斷標準都提出診斷風濕熱或風濕性關節炎要有前驅的鏈球菌感染證據,其中包括抗鏈球菌溶血素O抗體(ASO)、抗鏈球菌DNA酶B抗體(ADNase B)等鏈球菌抗體[4]。本研究通過同時檢測患者血清中鏈球菌抗體ASO和ADNase B的含量,探討ADNase B檢測的臨床應用價值。
1 材料與方法
1. 材料
3 討論
A組乙型溶血性鏈球菌感染可誘發風濕熱。一般認為這與該菌的特殊組成結構有關。該菌的莢膜成分與人體滑膜及關節液中的透明質酸存在共同的抗原,細胞壁和細胞膜的蛋白成分也與人的心臟、腎、神經組織等的蛋白組成類似,能夠產生交叉反應誘發免疫損傷。研究證實,風濕熱的組織損傷與體液和細胞免疫介導的免疫損傷有關[5]。此外,風濕熱有遺傳易感性,某些人類白細胞Ⅱ類抗原等位基因可能與風濕熱發病密切相關[3]。由于該病臨床表現多樣,涉及科室眾多,若病因不明,容易造成誤診漏診,若治療不規范或不及時,常使病情拖延或間斷性反復發作,所以如何提高鏈球菌感染的檢出率,降低風濕熱的誤診誤治率,是我們檢驗工作者值得深思的問題。
鏈球菌能夠分泌多種胞外酶,繼而在體內產生相應的抗體,對這些抗體進行檢測,能夠有效幫助鏈球菌感染的臨床診斷。鏈球菌溶血素O是鏈球菌的重要代謝產物,可刺激機體產生ASO。鏈球菌DNA酶B是鏈球菌DNA胞外酶,可刺激機體產生ADNaseB。ASO與ANDase B均可作為鏈球菌感染的診斷指標,可用于診斷由鏈球菌感染所引發的各種系統疾病[6-7]。因此了解ADNaseB與ASO抗體動力學的差異對臨床診治至關重要。人體感染A組溶血性鏈球菌時,ASO產生較早,在幾天內就出現升高現象,高峰時間在3~5周,2個月降至正常,而ADNaseB產生較晚,高峰時間在4~6周,高滴度狀態比ASO更長,可持續3~6個月[8]。鑒于ADNaseB與ASO抗體動力學的差異,在A組溶血性鏈球菌感染早期可檢測出ASO,感染后期可檢測出ADNaseB。對于急性A組溶血性鏈球菌感染如急性咽炎、急性扁桃體炎、急性風濕熱等,ASO的檢出率比較高,應首選ASO;對于慢性感染及感染后引起的自身免疫性疾病,此時ASO或許已降至正常,而ADNaseB卻維持在高滴度水平,故應首選ADNaseB。由于各種抗體在產生后所出現的高峰時間及其高滴度水平所能維持的時間即抗體動力學不一致,所以相關文獻提出聯合檢測ASO和ADNase B,以提高鏈球菌感染的檢出率[6]。ASO和ADNase B等鏈球菌抗體作為鏈球菌感染的診斷指標可以幫助診斷鏈球菌感染所引發的各種系統疾病,但參考值上限如何確定還有爭議[9-11]。有條件的實驗室可以根據不同年齡段健康人群的檢測結果來確定參考值上限。由于個體差異,連續監測ADNaseB和ASO可更準確地確定是否有鏈球菌感染[12]。
本實驗的研究結果顯示,單一檢測ADNase B或ASO的陽性率分別為17.1%和9.2%,ADNaseB的陽性檢出率顯著高于ASO;二者聯合檢測的陽性率為21.6%,高于單一檢測的陽性率,證明二者聯合檢測的確提高了鏈球菌感染的檢出率,具有互補的診斷作用。另外,ADNase B和ASO均陽性的比率為4.7%,低于單一檢測的陽性率,二者任一陽性即能證明鏈球菌感染,具有平行獨立的診斷作用。
實踐工作證實,ADNase B檢測具有重要的臨床應用價值,以往單一檢測ASO,造成了極高的漏診率,現在二者聯合檢測對臨床鏈球菌感染患者的疾病診治有著重要的意義。需要指出的是:檢測出ADNase B或ASO只能證明有鏈球菌感染,但診斷風濕熱除了有鏈球菌感染的證據還要結合具體的臨床表現,不能說有鏈球菌感染就是風濕熱。
本實驗應用德國西門子全自動特種蛋白儀及原廠配套試劑,采用速率散射比濁法,具有準確、簡便、快捷、靈敏度高、特異性好、影響因素少等優點。目前本省開展此檢測項目的醫院數量不多,該項目適合在三甲醫院普遍開展,尤其是已配備特種蛋白儀的醫院,在此希望能夠引起醫務工作者的足夠重視。
[參考文獻]
[1] Cunningham MW.Streptococcus and rheumaticfever[J].Current opinion in rheumatology,2012,24(4):408-416.endprint
[2] Tandon R.Rheumaticfever pathogenesis:Approach in research needs change[J].Annals of Pediatric cardiology,2012,5(2):169-178.
[3] Guilherme L,Kalil J.Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease:cellular mechanisms leading autoimmune reactivity and disease[J].J Clin Immunol,2010,30(1):17-23.
[4] 左曉霞,陶立堅,高潔生.凱利風濕病學[M].第7版.北京:人民衛生出版社,2006:1443.
[5] Dinkla K,Nitsche-Schmitz DP,Barroso V,et al. Identification of a streptococcal octapeptide motif involved in acute rheumatic fever[J].J Biol Chem,2007,282(26):18686-18693.
[6] Blyth CC,Robertson PW.Anti-streptococcal antibodies in the diagnosis of acute and post-streptococcal disease: streptokinase versus streptolysin O and deoxyribonuclease B[J].Pathology,2006,38(2):152-156.
[7] Kim S,Lee NY.Asymptomatic infection by Streptococcus pyogenes in schoolchildren and diagnostic usefulness of antideoxyribonuclease B[J].J Korean Med Sci,2005,20 (6):938-940.
[8] 胡治琦,全屏壽,王東元,等. 急性風濕熱321 例次的臨床分析[J].中華內科雜志,1981,20:11-13.
[9] Steer AC,Vidmar S,Ritika R,et al.Normal ranges of streptococcal antibody titers are similar whether streptococci are endemic to the setting or not[J].Clin Vaccine Immunol,2009,16(2):172-175.
[10] Karmarkar MG,Venugopal V,Joshi L,et al.Evaluation & revaluation of upper limits of normal values of anti-streptolysin O & anti-deoxyribonuclease B in Mumbai[J].Indian J Med Res,2004,119(Suppl):26-28.
[11] Danchin MH,Carlin JB,Devenish W,et al.New normal ranges of antistreptolysin O and antideoxyribonuclease B titres for Australian children[J].J Paediatr Child Health,2005,41(11):583-536.
[12] Johnson DR,Kurlan R,Leckman J,et al.The human immune response to streptococcal extracellular antigens: clinical,diagnostic,and potential pathogenetic implications[J].Clin Infect Dis,2010,50 (4): 481-490.
(收稿日期:2013-10-21)endprint
[2] Tandon R.Rheumaticfever pathogenesis:Approach in research needs change[J].Annals of Pediatric cardiology,2012,5(2):169-178.
[3] Guilherme L,Kalil J.Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease:cellular mechanisms leading autoimmune reactivity and disease[J].J Clin Immunol,2010,30(1):17-23.
[4] 左曉霞,陶立堅,高潔生.凱利風濕病學[M].第7版.北京:人民衛生出版社,2006:1443.
[5] Dinkla K,Nitsche-Schmitz DP,Barroso V,et al. Identification of a streptococcal octapeptide motif involved in acute rheumatic fever[J].J Biol Chem,2007,282(26):18686-18693.
[6] Blyth CC,Robertson PW.Anti-streptococcal antibodies in the diagnosis of acute and post-streptococcal disease: streptokinase versus streptolysin O and deoxyribonuclease B[J].Pathology,2006,38(2):152-156.
[7] Kim S,Lee NY.Asymptomatic infection by Streptococcus pyogenes in schoolchildren and diagnostic usefulness of antideoxyribonuclease B[J].J Korean Med Sci,2005,20 (6):938-940.
[8] 胡治琦,全屏壽,王東元,等. 急性風濕熱321 例次的臨床分析[J].中華內科雜志,1981,20:11-13.
[9] Steer AC,Vidmar S,Ritika R,et al.Normal ranges of streptococcal antibody titers are similar whether streptococci are endemic to the setting or not[J].Clin Vaccine Immunol,2009,16(2):172-175.
[10] Karmarkar MG,Venugopal V,Joshi L,et al.Evaluation & revaluation of upper limits of normal values of anti-streptolysin O & anti-deoxyribonuclease B in Mumbai[J].Indian J Med Res,2004,119(Suppl):26-28.
[11] Danchin MH,Carlin JB,Devenish W,et al.New normal ranges of antistreptolysin O and antideoxyribonuclease B titres for Australian children[J].J Paediatr Child Health,2005,41(11):583-536.
[12] Johnson DR,Kurlan R,Leckman J,et al.The human immune response to streptococcal extracellular antigens: clinical,diagnostic,and potential pathogenetic implications[J].Clin Infect Dis,2010,50 (4): 481-490.
(收稿日期:2013-10-21)endprint
[2] Tandon R.Rheumaticfever pathogenesis:Approach in research needs change[J].Annals of Pediatric cardiology,2012,5(2):169-178.
[3] Guilherme L,Kalil J.Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease:cellular mechanisms leading autoimmune reactivity and disease[J].J Clin Immunol,2010,30(1):17-23.
[4] 左曉霞,陶立堅,高潔生.凱利風濕病學[M].第7版.北京:人民衛生出版社,2006:1443.
[5] Dinkla K,Nitsche-Schmitz DP,Barroso V,et al. Identification of a streptococcal octapeptide motif involved in acute rheumatic fever[J].J Biol Chem,2007,282(26):18686-18693.
[6] Blyth CC,Robertson PW.Anti-streptococcal antibodies in the diagnosis of acute and post-streptococcal disease: streptokinase versus streptolysin O and deoxyribonuclease B[J].Pathology,2006,38(2):152-156.
[7] Kim S,Lee NY.Asymptomatic infection by Streptococcus pyogenes in schoolchildren and diagnostic usefulness of antideoxyribonuclease B[J].J Korean Med Sci,2005,20 (6):938-940.
[8] 胡治琦,全屏壽,王東元,等. 急性風濕熱321 例次的臨床分析[J].中華內科雜志,1981,20:11-13.
[9] Steer AC,Vidmar S,Ritika R,et al.Normal ranges of streptococcal antibody titers are similar whether streptococci are endemic to the setting or not[J].Clin Vaccine Immunol,2009,16(2):172-175.
[10] Karmarkar MG,Venugopal V,Joshi L,et al.Evaluation & revaluation of upper limits of normal values of anti-streptolysin O & anti-deoxyribonuclease B in Mumbai[J].Indian J Med Res,2004,119(Suppl):26-28.
[11] Danchin MH,Carlin JB,Devenish W,et al.New normal ranges of antistreptolysin O and antideoxyribonuclease B titres for Australian children[J].J Paediatr Child Health,2005,41(11):583-536.
[12] Johnson DR,Kurlan R,Leckman J,et al.The human immune response to streptococcal extracellular antigens: clinical,diagnostic,and potential pathogenetic implications[J].Clin Infect Dis,2010,50 (4): 481-490.
(收稿日期:2013-10-21)endprint