韓 旭,劉丹青,崔 豹,馬 露,李依霞,蔡幼銓,蔡劍鳴
解放軍總醫院 放射診斷科,北京 100853
3.0T高分辨磁共振評價腦缺血患者癥狀側與非癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化性斑塊的差異
韓 旭,劉丹青,崔 豹,馬 露,李依霞,蔡幼銓,蔡劍鳴
解放軍總醫院 放射診斷科,北京 100853
目的 采用3.0T高分辨磁共振成像評價腦缺血患者癥狀側(患者一側肢體出現腦缺血臨床癥狀,對側頸動脈則定義為癥狀側)與非癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的差異。方法收集2012年6月- 2013年6月本院腦梗死或短暫性腦缺血患者102例,2周內進行雙側頸動脈高分辨磁共振成像,分析癥狀側與非癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的差異。結果102例腦缺血患者中,腦梗死52例,短暫性腦缺血50例。癥狀側與非癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊所致頸動脈管腔狹窄程度比較無統計學差異(P>0.05),最大管壁厚度及斑塊累及范圍比較均有顯著統計學差異(P=0.000);癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊內易損成分(出血、富脂質核及纖維帽破裂)的發生率明顯高于非癥狀側,并且有顯著統計學差異(Z=-6.525,P=0.000)。結論癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的嚴重性及易損性明顯高于非癥狀側斑塊,癥狀側斑塊內易損成分發生率更高。
高分辨磁共振成像;頸動脈;粥樣硬化斑塊;腦缺血
缺血性腦血管病已成為我國居民主要致死、致殘性疾病[1]。動脈粥樣硬化是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,可同時累及全身多個血管床[2]。頸動脈粥樣硬化易損斑塊主要表現為斑塊內出血、大的富脂質核及纖維帽破裂,這些指標與缺血性腦血管病癥狀密切相關[3-4]。研究發現粥樣硬化性斑塊常同時出現在雙側頸動脈[5-6]。本研究旨在采用3.0T高分辨磁共振技術評價發生單側肢體癥狀的腦缺血患者癥狀側與非癥狀側(患者一側肢體出現腦缺血臨床癥狀,對側頸動脈定義為癥狀側,同側頸動脈定義為非癥狀側)頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的差異,為預防腦血管事件提供研究資料。
1 研究對象 選取2012年6月- 2013年6月本院腦梗死或短暫性腦缺血患者102例,平均年齡(63.5±12.3)歲,其中男性68例;發生腦梗死52例,出現短暫性腦缺血癥狀(包括突發肢體無力、麻木等癥狀)50例。所有患者只出現一側肢體癥狀并接受顱外頸動脈高分辨率磁共振成像。
2 磁共振檢查方法 顱外頸動脈高分辨磁共振成像采用3.0T超導型MR掃描儀(GE Signa Excite,GE Medical System,USA)。其梯度場40 mT/m,梯度切換率150 mT/(m·s)。掃描線圈為4通道頸動脈相控陣表面線圈(Department of Radiology,University of Washington,USA)。掃描序列包括時間飛躍法(TOF)MRA序列、黑血T1加權(T1WI)以及增強T1WI序列、黑血質子加權(PDWI)和T2加權(T2WI)。掃描序列及參數見表1。
3 圖像分析 由2位經驗豐富的放射科醫師對頸動脈MR圖像進行定量及定性分析。定量分析包括管腔狹窄程度、最大管壁厚度及斑塊累及范圍。最大管腔狹窄程度按照北美癥狀性頸動脈內膜剝離術臨床試驗(North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial,NASCET)的方法進行計算:最大狹窄度=(B-A)/B×100%,B為鄰近相對正常的管腔直徑(頸內動脈取遠側、頸總動脈及分叉處取近側),A為最狹窄處剩余管腔直徑[7]。定性分析包括斑塊內出血(3D-TOF及T1加權序列都表現為高信號)、斑塊內富脂質核(T1加權呈高信號,3D-TOF序列為等信號、T2加權及T1增強掃描序列上相應位置信號減低)、斑塊表面纖維帽破裂(T1增強掃描序列中纖維帽信號連續性缺失)。按照頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊內含有易損成分(出血、富脂質核及纖維帽破裂)的種類分為4個級別,“0”代表頸動脈斑塊無易損成分,“1”代表含有1種易損成分,以此類推。
4 統計學方法 采用SPSS16.0統計軟件,計量資料采用表示。定性指標(斑塊內出血、富脂質核及纖維帽破裂)采用率表示。癥狀側與非癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化性斑塊所致管腔狹窄、最大管壁厚度及斑塊累及范圍的差異采用配對樣本t檢驗(Paired-Samples T Test);斑塊內易損成分含量差異采用等級資料秩和檢驗。

表1 頸動脈高分辨磁共振成像參數Tab. 1 Parameters of carotid high-resolution MR imaging
癥狀側頸動脈斑塊所致最大管壁厚度及斑塊累及范圍比非癥狀側嚴重(P=0.000<0.05),而管腔狹窄無統計學差異(P=0.452>0.05)。癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化性斑塊內易損成分的發生率及斑塊級別明顯高于非癥狀側(Z=-6.525,P=0.000<0.05) (表2)。癥狀側頸動脈斑塊內同時含有出血及纖維帽破裂的概率明顯高于非癥狀側(46.1% vs 1.0%)。圖1為一男性患者,主訴一過性左側肢體麻木及無力。右側頸動脈(癥狀側)為3級斑塊,內含大片出血、富脂質核及纖維帽破裂(圖1D右側、圖1E箭頭所示);左側頸動脈(非癥狀側)為1級斑塊含富脂質核,T1增強序列上完整的纖維帽呈線樣高信號(圖1D左側箭頭示)。

表2 癥狀側與非癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊差異Tab. 2 Differences of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid AS plaques
本研究發現癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊內易損成分的發生率、斑塊所致管壁厚度及累及范圍均明顯高于非癥狀側頸動脈。癥狀側高級別(3級)斑塊的發生率也大于非癥狀側。

圖 1 頸動脈癥狀側(右側)斑塊級別高于非癥狀側(左側)。 A、B、C及D分別為橫軸位TOF、 T1WI、 T2WI及T1增強序列,E為右側頸動脈矢狀位T1WI序列Fig. 1 The plaque in carotid symptomatic side (right) showed higher grade than asymptomatic side (left). The A, B, C and D represented axial TOF, T1WI, T2WI and T1enhanced sequences, respectively. The E was right sagittal T1WI sequence
組織病理學研究證實,動脈粥樣硬化性易損斑塊主要表現為斑塊內出血、大的富脂質核、薄纖維帽及纖維帽破裂等,頸動脈斑塊內同時含有出血和纖維帽破裂的患者,腦血管疾病發生率明顯升高[8-9]。本研究發現,癥狀側頸動脈斑塊內同時含有出血及纖維帽破裂的比率遠高于非癥狀側(46.1% vs 1.0%)。當臨床發現一側頸動脈斑塊內同時含有出血及纖維帽破裂時,該側頸動脈出現相關區域腦血管事件的可能性將明顯增加。
頸動脈狹窄程度一直以來被認為是評價頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊嚴重性的主要指標。近來研究表明,頸內動脈管腔狹窄(<50%)的癥狀性腦血管病患者中,超過20%的動脈血管存在易損斑塊(斑塊內出血和(或)纖維帽破裂)[9-10]。另有研究顯示,頸動脈管腔無明確狹窄的癥狀性腦血管病患者中,仍有6% ~ 8%的患者發生頸動脈粥樣硬化性易損斑塊[11]。這是因為在動脈粥樣硬化疾病發生、發展過程中,動脈血管存在正性重構效應,表現為向管腔外膨脹生長的趨勢,而不引起管腔向心性狹窄[12-13]。
治療頸動脈粥樣硬化性斑塊的方法主要有內科治療、血管內介入及頸動脈內膜剝脫術。患者經內科治療后,高分辨磁共振檢查技術可以對其顱外頸動脈斑塊的形態及內部成分的變化作出準確的判斷,從而指導臨床藥物用量的調整[9,14]。NASCET臨床試驗結果顯示,對癥狀性頸動脈中、重度狹窄患者行頸動脈內膜剝脫術,具有較好的療效及遠期預后[7]。磁共振檢查技術不僅可以準確區分完全閉塞及接近于完全閉塞的血管腔,而且可以提供準確的斑塊定位及定性信息,為介入或手術治療提供準確的影像證據,同時可以用于患者的隨訪觀察[15]。
綜上所述,發生單側肢體癥狀的腦缺血患者中,癥狀側頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊易損成分的發生率高于非癥狀側斑塊。磁共振高分辨成像對頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊特性的判斷,可以為臨床醫師提供不同的預防及診療思路。
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Differences of carotid atherosclerotic plaques between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides in cerebral ischemic patients detected using 3.0T high-resolution MR imaging
HAN Xu, LIU Dan-qing, CUI Bao, MA Lu, LI Yi-xia, CAI You-quan, CAI Jian-ming
Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
CAI Jian-ming. Email:caijm301@yahoo.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the differences of carotid atherosclerotic (AS) plaques between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides in cerebral ischemic patients detected using 3.0T high-resolution MR imaging.MethodsOne hundred and two patients with infarction or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in our hospital from June 2012 to June 2013 were recruited in our study. Each patient was received high-resolution MR examination of bilateral carotid arteries in two weeks. The differences of carotid atherosclerotic plaques between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides were investigated.ResultsOf the 102 cerebral ischemic patients, 52 had infarction and 50 developed TIA. Compared with the carotid atherosclerotic plaques between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides, the luminal stenosis showed no difference (P>0.05) while the maximum wall thickness and lesion length had signifcant statistic differences (P=0.000). The occurrence rates of vulnerable compositions such as hemorrhage, lipid-rich core and fbrous cap rupture in symptomatic sides were obviously higher than those in asymptomatic sides and showed signifcant statistic difference (Z=-6.525, P=0.000).ConclusionThe severity and vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in symptomatic side are obviously higher than the asymptomatic side. The occurrence rates of vulnerable compositions in symptomatic sides are higher.
high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging; carotid artery; atherosclerotic plaque; cerebral ischemia
R 543.4
A
2095-5227(2014)07-0654-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.07.002
時間:2014-04-14 17:31
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140414.1731.001.html
2014-02-21
全軍“十二五”科研計劃面上項目(CWS11J065)
Supported by Military Medical Research "12th Five-Year Plan"General Program of China(CWS11J065)
韓旭,男,在讀碩士。研究方向:頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊。Email:hxlryt@126.com
蔡劍鳴,男,博士,主任醫師,博士生導師。Email:caijm301@yahoo.com