適于赤峰地區(qū)機(jī)械化種植的玉米新品種篩選

寧朝輝等

摘要[目的]對(duì)4個(gè)供試玉米（Zea mays L.）新品種的農(nóng)藝性狀進(jìn)行測(cè)定和分析，篩選適宜赤峰地區(qū)機(jī)械化種植的玉米新品種。[方法]4個(gè)玉米品種分別為先玉335、農(nóng)華101、KX4574和NK718，行距50.0 cm，株距26.7 cm，表現(xiàn)為穗長(zhǎng)最長(zhǎng)，禿尖最小，穗粒重最重；其中穗粒數(shù)、百粒重和出子率均較低，這是影響其產(chǎn)量的主要因素。[結(jié)論]該研究可為提高赤峰地區(qū)玉米機(jī)械化利用率，切實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)、增效、增收入提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞玉米新品種；機(jī)械化；農(nóng)藝性狀；赤峰地區(qū)

中圖分類號(hào)S513文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)0517-6611（2014）21-06968-02

Screening on New Maize（Zea mays L.） Cultivars Suitable for Mechanization Planting in Chifeng Area

NING Chaohui， DONG Zhe et al（Chifeng Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science， Chifeng， Inner Mongolia 024031）

Abstract[Objective] The aim was to determine and analyze the agronomic traits of 4 new maize cultivars， and to screen the new maize cultivars suitable for mechanization planting in Chifeng Area. [Method] Four new maize cultivars were Xianyu 335， Nonghua 101， KX4574 and NK718， the planting area were 0.187， 0.133， 0.187 and 0.213 hm2， resp.， the row spacing was 50.0 cm， and the distance between two plants was 26.7 cm， so the theoretical planting density was 75 000 plants/hm2. [Result] Four new maize cultivars were all suitable for planting in Chifeng Area. All cultivars grew better， and had strong resistance. The yield of Xianyu 355 was the highest which was 14 875.5 kg/hm2， showed that the kernels per spike was the most and the seed rate was the highest； the yield of NK718 was 13 758.0 kg/hm2， showed that the spike number per area was the most， and the 100kernel weight was the weightiest； the yield of KX4574 was 12 985.5 kg/hm2， showed that the spike length was the longest， and the barren tip was the smallest， and the kernel weight was the weightiest； the yield of Nonghua 101 was 12 192.0 kg/hm2， its the kernels per spike， the 100kernel weight and the seed rate were all lower， this was the main factors influencing its yield. [Conclusion] The study provides a reference for improving maize mechanization utilization rate in Chifeng Area， and realizing to increase yield， efficiency and income conscientiously.

Key wordsNew maize cultivars； Mechanization； Agronomic traits； Chifeng Area

隨著我國(guó)土地流轉(zhuǎn)、農(nóng)民進(jìn)城務(wù)工和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件的不斷改善，尤其在國(guó)家提倡農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)模化種植的形勢(shì)下，玉米新品種選育不僅要求在提高密度和單產(chǎn)方面有所突破，而且要有適于規(guī)模化種植、機(jī)械化收獲的玉米新品種，所以選育適于機(jī)械化收獲的玉米新品種更是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。玉米適于走規(guī)模化和機(jī)械化發(fā)展之路，玉米全部采用機(jī)械化收獲[1]。隨著小麥大面積收獲采用機(jī)械化，玉米機(jī)械化收獲將是我國(guó)當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的必然要求。適于機(jī)械化收獲的玉米新品種的選育與推廣將會(huì)顯著提高玉米產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)，提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率，也有利于農(nóng)村集約化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展和適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)的增長(zhǎng)，增加農(nóng)民收入。

適于機(jī)械收獲的玉米品種在多種性狀上應(yīng)該區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)種植的玉米品種。一般表現(xiàn)為玉米株高、穗位適中，整齊，植株清秀，葉片窄短，葉間距大，通風(fēng)透光性好，適宜密植且抗倒伏，果穗苞葉松、層數(shù)少、不能過長(zhǎng)，穗長(zhǎng)軸細(xì)，收獲時(shí)穗軸、子粒脫水快，子粒含水量低，出子率高。這些性狀決定了在比較選擇玉米新組合時(shí)，不僅考慮產(chǎn)量性狀，還要求其綜合農(nóng)藝性狀符合機(jī)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，玉米種植比較效益突出。

1材料與方法

合理灌溉：結(jié)合玉米田間生長(zhǎng)和天氣情況，分別在6月25日、7月22日、8月26日澆水灌溉。

1.6數(shù)據(jù)處理方法用Microsoft Excel和SPSS進(jìn)行分析。

2結(jié)果與分析

3小結(jié)與討論

3.1品種適應(yīng)性農(nóng)華101、KX4574、先玉335和NK718植株性狀、抗逆性、豐產(chǎn)性均符合要求，都較適合在赤峰市松山區(qū)種植，推薦作為當(dāng)?shù)剡m于機(jī)械化種植的玉米新品種。先玉335、農(nóng)華101、KX4574已經(jīng)在松山區(qū)大面積推廣，NK718表現(xiàn)較好。

3.3農(nóng)藝性狀株高和穗位高可以作為衡量和提高玉米莖稈質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)[3]。也有研究表明，玉米莖稈節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度、株高等農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)與玉米莖稈抗倒伏力學(xué)性狀關(guān)系密切[4]。該研究表明，4個(gè)玉米品種株高、穗位高在生產(chǎn)中均適宜，均無倒伏現(xiàn)象，倒折是由于玉米螟危害造成的。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 王文娟，姬社林.適于機(jī)械化收獲的玉米新品種選育[J].中國(guó)種業(yè)，2012（6）：18-19.

[2] 孫進(jìn)良，劉師多，丁慧玲，等.我國(guó)玉米收獲機(jī)械化的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀與展望[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化研究，2009，31（3）：217-219.

[3] BERZONSKY W A，HAWK J A.Agronomic features of two maize synthetics selected for high and low stalk-crushing strength [J].Crop Science，1986，26（5）：871-875.

[4] 王立新，郭強(qiáng)，蘇青.玉米抗倒性與莖稈顯微結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系[J].植物學(xué)通報(bào)，1990（7）：34-36.