魏志玲等
摘要[目的]總結青海地區非充分灌溉條件下小麥需耗水規律和灌溉制度,以指導今后該地區的農田灌溉工作。[方法]對青海東部農業區春小麥灌水量、土壤含水量、作物性狀進行觀測和數據分析。[結果]出苗期到抽穗期,隨著小麥的生長,其日耗水量和階段需水量逐漸增大,揚花到成熟期日耗水量達到最高,說明該時期是小麥耗水的關鍵時期,也是需水量最大的時期。之后日耗水量和階段需水量下降,收割期達到最低。[結論]該研究可為提高小麥產量和品質的同時提高水分利用效率提供科學依據。
關鍵詞青海;東部農業區;春小麥;非充分灌溉制度
中圖分類號S512文獻標識碼A文章編號0517-6611(2014)21-06973-01
Study of A Not Sufficient Irrigation System of Spring Wheat in Agriculture Area of Eastern Qinghai
WEI Zhiling et al(Qinghai Province Hydrology and Water Resources Investigation Bureau, Xining, Qinghai 810001)
Abstract[Objective] The aim was to summarize the water demand and consumption regulation and irrigation formulate of wheat under not fully irrigation in Qinghai area, and guide the irrigation work of this area in future. [Method] The irrigation amount, soil water content, traits of spring wheat in eastern agricultural area of Qinghai were observed and the data were analyzed. [Result] From seedling emergence period to heading period, with wheat growing, its daily water consumption and water requirements in each growing period increased, and the daily water consumption from flowering period to maturing period was the highest, showing this stage was the key stage of wheat water consumption, also was the stage of big water requirement. After that daily water consumption and water requirements in each growing period reduced, and in harvesting period, it was the lowest. [Conclusion] The study provides a scientific basis for improving yield and quality of wheat, and promoting water use efficiency at the same time.
Key wordsQinghai; Eastern Agriculture Area; Spring wheat; A not sufficient irrigation system
2結果與分析
根據試驗觀測得到耗水量數據,結合試驗小區小麥產量數量,選擇產量最高的處理制作成生育期日耗水量曲線圖(圖1)。從圖1可以看出,試驗區小麥有其生長的關鍵時期,
從表2可以看出,隨著小麥的生長,各生育期消耗水量及需水量的程度也不同,小麥日耗水量從播種~成熟期逐漸增大,相應地需水量也隨之增大,這主要是因為播種~抽穗期植株小,本身需水量小,同時氣溫不是太高。抽穗~揚花期日耗水量和階段需水量都達到最大,此時期正是營養生長與生殖生長并進的時期,生命活力旺盛,葉面積增大,加之溫度高、大氣蒸發能力日益增加,小麥需水量也日益加大,還要積蓄大量的干物質,因此耗水量很大,相應地需水量也達到最高要求。揚花~成熟期小麥生長量逐漸減緩,因此耗水量也逐漸降低。因此根據生育期耗水量的變化,在灌溉次數明
3結論
在不同生育階段,受春小麥自身生理特性及地區環境因素等的影響,春小麥對土壤水分的要求不盡相同。播種~抽穗期本身的消耗水量少,但株間蒸發大,因此這一時期的主要措施是減少株間蒸發,促進根系發育,適度控制灌水;抽穗~揚花期耗水量大,此期正是高溫階段,植株生長發育旺盛,新陳代謝加快,是小麥產量形成的關鍵時期,應該適當增加灌水量,滿足作物生長需水要求;揚花~成熟期生長緩慢,耗水量小,應為增產而控制好灌水。
小麥產量和需水量并不構成直線相關關系,水分供應過大,未能獲得預期產量;獲得高的產量,并不意味著需水量大。因此,按照非充分灌溉的原理[1],充分利用小麥自身的生理特性改進作物水分利用效率,合理分配控制各階段的灌水量,可達到提高小麥產量和品質、提高水分利用效率、節約生產成本的目的。
參考文獻
[1] 陳亞新.非充分灌溉原理[M].北京:電子工業出版社,1995.安徽農業科學,Journal of Anhui Agri. Sci.2014,42(21):6976-6977