“繁”生于簡 “棋”樂無窮
——圍棋中的標準化思維

文/五花肉

“繁”生于簡 “棋”樂無窮
——圍棋中的標準化思維

With complex in the appearance whereas simplicity in the core,Go brings such a Joy——StandardizationthinkinginChinaGo

文/五花肉

“棋品制”“Grading of Go players”棋理Go theory術語terms

——《圍棋賦》曹攄（三國）

The China Go board is made of peach wood and originally by Lu Ban,a consummate master in carpentry.The board has a square shape and a flat base,its surface criss-crossed with black lines.The Go pieces,made from rhino horn or ivory,are well-polished and sleek with the proper size as required.

——《南史·柳元景傳附柳惲傳》

Liu Yun was ordered to set Go puzzles to test the players.Two hundred and seventy eight qualified Go players were graded,which was recorded in the third volume Grades of Players in the Go Game.

——《棋經十三篇》張靖（宋）

The players,when evaluating a Go position and considering the next move,shall follow the Go theory……The theoretical rules are discovered by generations of great players and can thus serve the learners well.

“舜以子商均愚，故作圍棋以教之”。子法天、局類地，棋圓局方，如同中國古琴在形制上的師法自然，作為中國文人身份標志之一的圍棋，與古琴在文化源流與文化性格上具有高度的一致性。

“Shun,a legendary monarch in the ancient China,invented the Go game to enlighten his son Shang Jun, who was believed to be slow-witted.”He was inspired by nature in the same way as a guqin(a seven-stringed plucked instrument in some ways similar to the zither)maker is—the circular Go pieces represent the heaven,and the square-shaped board the earth.Therefore,the Go game,which distinguishes the literati in China,shares the cultural origin and character with guqin.

從出土陶罐上的棋盤紋，到當今的十九道線棋盤，圍棋的發展經歷了一個由簡易到完善的過程，人們在弈具、弈制、“棋品制”、棋理、術語等方面進行優化和統一，運用樸素的標準化思維，提升了弈棋活動的專業性，使其更嚴謹、更有趣、更具普及性。

The development of the Go game is reflected in that of the Go board—according to archeological findings, there are board-like patterns on the pottery,and now the standard for the Go board has been set up with 19 lines both horizontally and vertically.Moreover,with classical standardization theory,people improved and unified the Go set,modes,“grading of Go players,”Go theory,terminology,etc.,which had not only made the Go game professional,but also precise,interesting and popular.

弈具方面，遵循“局必方正”，逐步形成“三百六十一道仿周天之數”的格局，并規范了棋盤、棋子制作的基本要求。弈制方面，形成了獨弈、對弈、聯弈等弈棋方式，還先后出現計籌法、填空法、數子法等勝負計算方法。

In terms of the Go set,there are 361 positions on the Go board,which approximately equals the days of a year,and there are requirements for the making of the board and pieces.In the Go game,there are such modesasone-to-oneself,one-to-one,and many-to-many,and such calculation methods as chip counting,vacant position filling,and piece counting.

在崇尚“天下唯有文義棋書”的南朝時期，更由官方主導推行“棋品制”。朝廷先后舉辦三次大規模皇家品棋活動，由專門機構以“九品制”為標準，品評弈人棋藝等級、存檔公布，形成了早期圍棋棋藝評價標準。

The“grading of Go players”was promoted by the imperial court of the Southern Dynasties,during which the people proficient in literature,philosophy, the Go game,and calligraphy were highly respected. The Court held three grand Go competitions,in which the Go players were graded,recorded and announced by a specialized organization based on the“9-grade rule”—hence the establishment of the early evaluation criterion for Go players.

棋理研究方面，北宋徐鉉編篡《圍棋義例》，記載了圍棋運子布局及戰略戰術各種術語含義，最早將圍棋的基本術語概括為立、行、飛、尖等32個字，并大多沿用至今。圍棋術語等標準的不斷完善，促進了圍棋的傳播和交流。

In terms of Go theory,the moves,strategies,and various terminologies were included in the Maneuvers in the Go Game edited by Xu Hong from the Northern Song Dynasty.Xu was the first to note the basic moves with 32 Chinese characters such as li,xing,fei,and jian,most of which are still in use today.The update of the terms facilitates the spread of the Go game and cultural exchanges.

千百年來，與陰陽天文相通的圍棋，包含著宇宙玄機的“大道”。從布局到收官，借著圍棋，人們參天地、品得失、悟人生。三百枯棋，一方木枰，蘊含著哲學與人生的奧妙，在世界范圍內綻放出東方智慧的璀璨光華！

The Go game intimates the philosophy of mysterious mechanism of the universe.For thousands of years, people have tried to perceive the laws of the universe and life through playing Go game.During the game, from the first move to the end,the players also experience the gains and losses of life.The three hundred tiny pieces and a wooden board imply the mysteries of both philosophy and life,which will carry forward the oriental wisdom throughout the world.

（支持單位：上海市標準化研究院）