呂澤斌 胡曉梅 林硯銘 董萬濤 尉偉衛 李磊
人工肱骨頭置換術后早期康復訓練方法探析
呂澤斌 胡曉梅 林硯銘 董萬濤 尉偉衛 李磊
目的探討人工肱骨頭置換術后早期康復訓練對肩關節功能恢復的效果。方法自2010年2月至2013年6月,對11例嚴重肩關節損傷患者行人工肱骨頭置換術。男性3例,女性8例;年齡46~73歲,平均52.1歲。致傷原因:肱骨近端骨折9例,肱骨頭缺血性壞死1例,肱骨近端骨巨細胞瘤1例。手術由同組醫師完成,術后早期開始康復訓練,采用改良UCLA評分表評定治療效果。結果1例患者于術后6個月死于腫瘤全身轉移,其余10例平均隨訪15.4個月(12~40個月)。改良UCLA評分:優8例,良2例,差0例。結論早期進行康復訓練維持重建關節的活動度,促進肌力恢復,改善關節功能,在人工肱骨頭置換術遠期療效中發揮關鍵作用。
肱骨骨折,近端;肩關節;肱骨頭置換術,人工;康復
隨著人工關節技術及材料的不斷成熟,肱骨頭置換術在臨床治療嚴重肩關節損傷中發揮重要作用,能有效緩解疼痛,恢復關節功能[1]。由于肩關節在解剖學和動力學方面的特殊性和復雜性,其活動能力主要取決于穩定、無痛的盂肱關節,而周圍肌肉韌帶組織在維持關節穩定性和運動中發揮重要作用,關節置換術能有效減輕患肩疼痛,恢復術后肩關節的被動活動范圍,但其主動活動仍取決于肩周肌肉的力量,所以術后早期進行康復訓練則成為人工肱骨頭置換術后尤為關鍵的治療措施。成都中醫藥大學附屬醫院骨科自2010年2月至2013年6月對11例嚴重肩關節損傷患者行人工肱骨頭置換術,術后積極康復訓練,效果滿意,報道如下。
一、研究對象
選取2010年2月至2013年6月在我院就診行人工肱骨頭置換術后康復訓練的患者11例,其中男3例,女8例;年齡46~73歲,平均52.1歲;左側2例,右側9例;致傷原因:肱骨近端骨折9例,肱骨頭缺血性壞死1例,肱骨近端骨巨細胞瘤1例,以自身健側肩關節為對照;術前常規拍肩關節前后位、斜位及腋位X線片,并均行肩部MRI檢查,評估骨骼及軟組織損害程度,9例肱骨近端骨折均為新鮮閉合骨折,Neer分型[2]為4部分骨折,其余2例肱骨頭塌陷、畸形,所有患者肩胛盂及肩袖結構完整,術前無血管和神經損傷。入選標準:(1)能夠配合完成全程康復訓練;(2)臨床確診肱骨近端4部分骨折、肱骨頭缺血性壞死、肱骨近端腫瘤破壞,并行人工肱骨頭置換術的患者;(3)自愿簽署知情同意書者。排除標準:(1)局部或全身活動性感染;(2)合并臂叢神經損傷;(3)合并心、肝、腎、造血及內分泌系統嚴重原發性疾?。唬?)合并精神疾患,不能配合訓練者。
二、治療方法
(一)手術方法及術后處理
全麻下取“沙灘椅”臥位,常規消毒、鋪單,取三角肌、胸大肌間隙入路,切開皮膚及皮下,電凝止血,切開筋膜,鈍性分離三角肌、胸大肌,注意保護頭靜脈和腋神經免受損傷,沿肱骨干游離三角肌,向內側牽開聯合腱,切開肩胛下肌腱和前方關節囊,注意保護肱二頭肌長頭腱和喙肩韌帶?;贾?0°,上臂外旋30°~40°,根據關節原始穩定性調整后傾角度,離斷肱骨頭并測量其直徑,確定人工假體大小,肱骨近端骨折患者仔細清理骨折斷端,肱骨近端擴髓,安裝大小適宜的假體試模,復位肩關節檢查關節活動度及軟組織張力,理想后取出假體試模,脈沖沖洗髓腔,骨水泥固定人工假體,復位肩關節,以愛惜幫(Ethibond)線固定肩胛下肌和大小結節,仔細修補肩袖,活動肩關節,確認肩關節功能良好,無肩峰撞擊。反復沖洗傷口,留置血漿引流管,逐層關閉切口。術后根據引流量留置血漿引流管24~48h,以腕頸吊帶懸吊保護患肢3~6周。
(二)康復訓練[3]
術后第1天起即開始康復訓練,由專門康復醫師進行操作,分階段進行,早期以被動活動為主,逐漸過渡到主動活動及肌力訓練。第1階段:術后1~2周行手、腕、肘關節屈伸訓練,被動肩關節前屈和體側外旋練習等。囑患者盡力屈伸手指小關節和腕、肘關節,盡最大努力伸展五指、握拳、屈伸腕、肘關節各持續5s,每天2組,每組15次。以健肢托住患肢肘關節,被動前屈肩關節或做鐘擺樣運動,每天2組,每組15次。患者仰臥于床上,屈肘90°,雙肘置于床面,雙手握持一小木棍,以健肢的內外旋通過小木棍帶動患肢進行內外旋康復訓練,每天2次,每次15個。均以個體耐受為度,逐漸增加活動量。第2階段:術后3~6周,肩部腫脹消除,疼痛明顯減輕,手術縫線拆除,門診指導患者逐漸加強肩關節內外旋訓練、肌肉等長和主動抗阻力訓練。指導患者屈肘90°,以健側手作阻力,行患肩內外旋練習;行臥位和立位抗重力主動伸臂等鍛煉,以術中肩袖修復情況及個體耐受各異。第3階段:術后7~12周,肌腱愈合,活動改善,主要以肩關節主動肌力鍛煉為主,逐漸增加活動范圍?;颊呙鎵騻葔φ玖?,患肢伸手觸墻,手指沿墻壁盡力上移,然后恢復原狀,每天2次,每次15下。牽拉彈力帶做肩關節內外旋和抗阻力三角肌強度練習,每天2組,每組15次。第4階段:12周以后,在前期訓練的基礎上,進一步加強抗阻肌力訓練,并選擇性地針對某些肌肉、關節活動度進行加強鍛煉。
三、臨床療效評定
在術前、術后6和12周時分別對患者肩關節功能進行評定。采用改良UCLA評分表[4]評價疼痛程度、關節功能、活動范圍及肌力恢復情況,35分為滿分,優:34~35分,良:29~33分,差:<29分。
四、統計學分析
采用SPASS 17.0統計軟件進行數據處理,所有資料均采用±s表示,治療前、后采用單樣本t檢驗,P<0.05表示差異有統計學意義。
1例患者于術后6個月死于腫瘤全身轉移,其余10例平均隨訪15.4個月(12~40個月)。11例患者術后切口均1期愈合,無感染發生,2例出現肩關節疼痛,經對癥治療后緩解。11例患者在術后第1天、出院前、術后6個月和12個月時復查X線片,均示假體位置良好,無假體松動、關節不穩、肩縫撞擊、關節僵硬等并發癥,患者肩關節功能較為滿意。術后6周患肩主動活動度逐漸改善,較術前明顯增大,差異有統計學意義(t=7.32,P <0.05);術后12周患肩主動活動度進一步恢復,可以生活自理,與術后6周相比,各方向活動度差異有統計學意義(t=5.56,P <0.05)。與健側相比,患肩關節各方向活動度差異有統計學意義(t=2.05,P <0.05)。見表1。術后12周采用改良UCLA評分對患者肩關節功能進行評定:優8例,良2例,差0例,平均分為33.6分。
一、早期康復訓練的意義
人工肱骨頭置換的目的是減輕疼痛、改善關節功能和穩定關節[5]。由于肩關節在解剖學和運動力學方面的特殊性和復雜性,加之外傷、腫瘤等疾患對關節結構的破壞,其內在穩定性較差,很大程度上依賴肩周肌肉、韌帶等軟組織維持穩定與平衡。充分的術前準備和精細的手術操作,固然可以穩定肩關節的解剖結構,恢復術后肩關節被動活動范圍,其主動活動仍取決于肩周肌肉的力量,而這并非手術本身可以解決,必須通過嚴格、規范的術后康復訓練,以逐步增加改善關節活動,增強肌肉力量,改善平衡性。此外,人工肱骨頭置換術后通常會出現肩部腫脹、關節積血,早期即開始康復訓練,通過主動活動手、腕關節,被動活動肩、肘關節,有助于改善循環,促進傷口愈合,防止肌肉纖維化和肩峰下、盂肱關節黏連的發生。Okoro等[6]的研究也表明,早期康復干預在置換關節功能恢復中的促進作用。本組11例患者術前MRI均顯示肩袖結構完整,術中注意保護肌肉、肌腱等軟組織,均于術后第1天即開始康復訓練,術后6周評估關節各方向主動活動度,較術前明顯改善,差異有統計學意義(t=7.32,P <0.01)。術后12周肩關節功能改良UCLA評分:優8例,良2例,差0例,平均分為33.6分。由此可見,早期康復訓練可以有效防止關節黏連,改善關節功能,鼓勵患者對治療的依從性,是人工肱骨頭置換術必不可少的環節。
表1 人工肱骨頭置換術患者術后不同時間節點肩關節主動活動不同部位活動度與健側比較(°,±s)

表1 人工肱骨頭置換術患者術后不同時間節點肩關節主動活動不同部位活動度與健側比較(°,±s)
注:術后6周與術前比較,aP<0.05;術后12周與術前比較,bP<0.05;術后12周與健側比較,cP<0.05
患側 11術 前 27.32±1.25 19.15±1.39 13.22±1.45 18.02±1.49 19.36±1.53 8.46±1.29術 后 6 周 88.43±0.75a 64.33±0.60a 25.63±0.75a 29.05±0.93a 47.36±0.77a 24.43±1.72a術 后 12 周 124.12±1.02bc107.92±1.11bc38.21±1.02bc 41.49±1.32bc 52.54±1.16bc 39.78±1.94bc肩關節主動活動 例數 前屈上舉 外展上舉 后伸 內收 內旋 外旋健 側 11 140.23±1.21 134.54±1.93 42.32±1.14 42.46±1.09 60.93±1.45 43.21±1.73
二、康復訓練的要點
目前,由于缺乏人工肱骨頭置換術后康復訓練的統一指導資料,醫師往往根據自己所掌握的資料或經驗指導患者術后康復訓練,因此影響治療效果,同時也不利于療效分析。當然,患者的病情差異也很大,所以應當根據一個相對統一的訓練計劃,同時參考患者的個體差異性,靈活指導康復訓練,準確把握訓練的時機和強度。Schwachmeyer等[7]的研究指出,在關節置換術后的早期階段應當避免或者小心的進行肌力訓練。可見,盲目的早期訓練有時也會導致手術遠期失敗率的增加,比如對于術中三角肌部分松解、關節囊或肌腱延長術者,肩關節的主、被動訓練應適當推遲,給軟組織修復足夠的時間。本組病例術前均仔細評估了患者的關節穩定性、肩袖完整性和肌肉力量,既為手術方案的確定提供了依據,也為術后早期開始康復訓練提供了良好參考。因為術中沒做三角肌的松解和關節囊、肌肉延長術,故術后第1天即開始康復訓練,因術后關節結構脆弱,早期以被動活動為主,根據患者個體耐受性逐漸增加強度,緩慢過渡到主動活動和肌力抗阻訓練。術后3~6周時,肩部腫脹消除,疼痛明顯減輕,以主動肌力訓練為主;術后7~12周時,肌腱愈合,活動改善,以肌力抗阻訓練為主。經過系統、規范的康復訓練,直到隨訪結束,10例患者關節功能明顯改善,對治療效果滿意,均未出現早期脫位、半脫位、假體松動等并發癥。值得一提的是部分患者由于恐懼心理,不能進行有效的功能鍛煉,這就需要醫護人員積極進行心理疏導,鼓勵患者克服心理障礙,完成訓練計劃。Mikkelsen等[8]研究也發現,部分患者需要在鼓勵和監督下才能順利完成康復訓練。
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Postoperative rehabilitation for hemi-arthroplasty of the shoulder
Lyu Zebin*,Hu Xiaomei,Lin Yanming,Dong Wantao,Yu Weiwei,Li Lei.*Department of Orthopedics,Graduate School of Chengdu University of TCM ,Chengdu 610072,China
BackgroundAs the artificial joint technology and material become matured gradually,the humeral head replacement starts to play an important role in the clinical treatment of severe lesion of shoulder joint,which can effectively relieve pain and recover the passive range of motion of the shoulder joint after operation,but its active motion still depends on the shoulder muscle strength,so the early postoperative rehabilitation training has become the key treatment measures after the humeral head replacement.This paper discusses the effect of early rehabilitation training on the shoulder joint recovery after artificial humeral head replacement.MethodsFrom February 2010to June 2013,11cases of severe shoulder joint lesion
the artificial humeral head replacement operation.Among them,3were males,8were females;aged 46to 73years old,averagely 52.1years old.The cause of injury:9cases of proximal humeral fractures,1case of ischemic necrosis of the humeral head and 1case of giant cell tumor of proximal humerus.With the contralateral shoulder as control,preoperative routine anteroposterior,oblique and axillary plain X-ray of shoulder joint were required,and also the shoulder MRI examination,in order to assess the damage of skeletal and soft tissue.Use the beach chair position under general anesthesia.Then routinely do the skin preparation and draping.We take the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle interval approach,then release the deltoid along the shaft of humerus,and retract the conjoint tendon medially,incise the subscapularis tendon and the anterior capsule,adjust the hypsokinesis angle according to the joint stability,cut off it and measure the diameter of humeral head to determine the size of prosthesis,carefully clean the broken ends of the proximal humerus fracture patients.Install the suitable size of test model after largening the medullary cavity,check the ROM and soft tissue tension after the reduction of the shoulder.Remove the template if it is ideal,pulse flushing the medullary cavity,use the bone cement to stabilize the prosthesis,reset the shoulder joint,use the Ethibond suture to fix the subscapularis and tubercules,carefully repair of the rotator cuff,at last make sure the shoulder joint function isgood without impingement.Rinse the wound again and place a plasma drainage,finally close the incision layer by layer.Keep the drainage according to the amount of blood in 24-48h,protect the limb with a wrist neck sling for 3-6weeks.The rehabilitation training started the first day after the operation,operated by specialized rehabilitation physicians in different stages.Passive activities are in the main position during the early stage,then gradually transit to the active and strength training.The first stage:do the hand,wrist,elbow flexion and extension training,passive shoulder flexion and lateral external rotation exercise 1to 2weeks postoperatively.According to the individual tolerance,gradually increase the amount of activity.The second stage:the shoulder swelling is gone and the pain is relieved,also the surgical suture is removed after 3-6weeks,patients were instructed to gradually strengthen the shoulder internal rotation,muscle isometric and active anti resistance training in the clinic.The third stage:the tendon has healed and the activity of shoulder joint has improved after 7-12weeks,mainly do the active muscle strength exercise to increase the range of motion.The fourth stage:12weeks later,on the basis of former training,further strengthen the strength resistance training,and selectively focus on some muscle and joint assess the patient′s houlder function before operation and 6and 12weeks post operatively.The modified UCLA score is taken in evaluation of pain relief,joint function,range of motion and muscle recovery.In 35total points:34-35is excellent,29-33is good;29or less is poor.Results1patient died of tumor metastasis 6months after operation,the other 10cases were followed up for averagely 15.4months(12-40months).The incision of all the patients were healed without infection,2cases complained the shoulder pain,which was relieved by symptomatic treatment.All the 11patients got X-ray examinations the first day after operation,before leaving the hospital,after 6and 12months.It showed a good position of prosthesis and there was no sign of loosening,joint instability,shoulder impingement,joint stiffness and other complications.The patients were satisfied with their shoulder joint function.After 6weeks,the active ROM of shoulder improved significantly,compared with it before the surgery,the difference was statistically significant(t=7.32,P <0.05);the shoulder AROM further recovered after 12weeks,then they can look after themselves,the difference was statistically significant in each direction′s activity,compared with 6weeks after operation(t=5.56,P <0.05).The difference of shoulder direction was statistically significant,compared with the healthy side(t=2.05,P <0.05).We use a modified UCLA score to evaluate the shoulder function:excellent in 8cases,good in 2cases,poor in 0cases,the average score was 33.6.For the data processing,we use SPASS 17.0software to deal with the statistics,all the data are expressed by(s)before and after treatment,using one sample t test,P<0.05means the difference was statistically significant.ConclusionsThe early rehabilitation training activities is good to maintain the ROM of the reconstructed joint,promote the recovery of muscle strength and improve the function of joint.It plays a key role in the long-term effect of humeral head replacement.
Humerus fractures,proximal;Shoulder joint; Humeral head replacement;Rehabilitation
Hu Xiaomei,Email:597482778@qq.com
2014-05-09)
(本文編輯:李靜)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.03.008
610072 成都中醫藥大學臨床醫學院(呂澤斌、胡曉梅、林硯銘、尉偉衛、李磊);730000 蘭州,甘肅中醫學院附屬醫院關節外科(董萬濤)
胡曉梅,Email:597482778@qq.com
呂澤斌,胡曉梅,林硯銘,等.人工肱骨頭置換術后早期康復訓練方法探析[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2014,2(3):174-177.