薛江義等
[摘要] 目的 通過實驗觀察阿侖膦酸鈉聯合辛伐他汀對骨質疏松大鼠骨折愈合的影響。 方法 成年雌性SD大鼠50只,隨機分為5組:(A)假手術對照組;(B)去勢對照組;(C)去勢阿侖膦酸鈉組;(D)去勢辛伐他汀組;(E)去勢聯合用藥組。B、C、D、E組行雙側卵巢切除術,A組僅切除部分脂肪組織。8周后每組隨機選取2只大鼠確認骨質疏松造模成功后,各組均行左側股骨中段骨折,并使用克氏針髓內固定。骨折內固定術后予以下藥物干預:A、B兩組:生理鹽水5mL/(kg·d)灌胃8周;C組:阿侖膦酸鈉0.5mg/(kg·d)灌胃8周;D組:辛伐他汀20mg/(kg·d) 灌胃8周;E組阿侖膦酸鈉0.5mg/(kg·d)+辛伐他汀20mg/(kg·d)灌胃8周。所有大鼠處死后收集血樣和左側股骨,進行血鈣、磷、堿性磷酸酶含量、股骨X線骨密度及生物力學強度檢測。 結果 卵巢去勢組對比假手術對照組骨密度有明顯減少,血清堿性磷酸酶水平升高,血鈣、磷變化無統計學意義;使用阿侖膦酸鈉及聯合辛伐他汀治療8周后,血鈣、磷變化無統計學意義,堿性磷酸酶降低,股骨骨密度、生物力學功能獲得改善,其中聯合用藥組更為明顯,差異有統計學意義。 結論 阿侖膦酸鈉有助于骨質疏松骨折愈合后生物力學功能的恢復,其中辛伐他汀可起到協同作用。
[關鍵詞] 雙膦酸鹽;阿侖膦酸鈉;辛伐他汀;骨質疏松;骨折
[中圖分類號] R591.4 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)10-20-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of alendronate combined with simvastatin on the osteoporotic fracture healing in rats.Methods 50 SD adult female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups:(A)sham operation control group;(B)ovariectomized control group;(C)ovariectomized alendronate group;(D)simvastatin group;(E)ovariectomized alendronate and simvastatin group.B,C,D,Egroup underwent ovariectomy surgery,A group only partially excised adipose tissue.8 weeks later,2 rats were selected randomly from each group to confirm osteoporosis successful modeling.Then the midshaft femur fracture model was established by an operation and intramedullary nails fixation was achieved with Kirschner wire.Deal each group of rats with such drug intervention as follows:(A,B) physiological saline 5mL/(kg·d)gavage for 8 weeks; (C)alendronate 0.5mg/(kg·d) gavage for 8 weeks;(D)simvastatin 20mg/(kg·d)gavage for 8 weeks (E)alendronate 0.5mg/(kg·d)+ simvastatin 20mg/(kg·d) gavage for 8 weeks.All the rats were killed and their blood samples and left femurs were collected.The serum calcium, phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase(ALP)content,X-ray bone mineral density(BMD) and biomechanical strength were detected. Results Compared with the sham group,the ovariectomized group had significantly reduced bone mineral density,elevated ALP level and serum calcium,phosphorus content had no significant change.After treatment witn alendronate and simvastatin for 8 weeks,calcium,phosphorus content had no significant change;alkaline phosphatase level decreased;femoral bone mineral density and biomechanical strength were improved.This result is more obvious in alendronate and simvastatin group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion Alendronate is beneficial to the restoration of biomechanical function in the osteoporosis fracture healing,and simvastatin can play a synergistic effect.endprint
[Key words] Bisphosphonates;Alendronate;Simvastatin;Osteoporosis;Fracture healing
骨質疏松癥(osteoporosis)是由多種原因引起的骨脆性增加、骨強度降低從而易于骨折的代謝性骨病。目前骨質疏松已成為危害中、老年人健康的主要疾病之一[1]。骨折是骨質疏松癥的主要并發癥。Nikolaou等[2]通過臨床研究證實骨質疏松癥患者的股骨干骨折的骨折愈合顯著延遲,因此探討骨折疏松性骨折的術后藥物干預能否促進骨折愈合顯得尤為重要。雙膦酸鹽主要是通過抑制破骨細胞活性和增高骨密度來降低骨折風險。而他汀類藥物則是通過誘導BMP-2的高表達,從而具有促進成骨的作用[3]。骨密度、骨生物力學分別是評價骨骼強度和骨折愈合質量的重要指標,因此本實驗選擇監測該些指標[4-5]。骨轉換過程是骨吸收和骨形成互相平衡的結果,雙膦酸鹽和辛伐他汀促進骨折愈合的機制正好相反,因此通過本研究驗證該兩種藥物同時應用是否能更加有效的促進骨質疏松骨折愈合。
3 討論
雙膦酸鹽(bisphosphonates,BPs)作為穩定的無機焦磷酸鹽類似物,不易被焦磷酸酯酶降解,可以抑制骨吸收并同時干擾破骨細胞附著,使破骨細胞超微結構發生變化,也可通過抑制成骨細胞中細胞因子產生而阻止破骨細胞修復,從而使骨密度增加,抑制骨吸收的強度也大大增加[8]。由于骨轉換是破骨細胞與成骨細胞相互作用的過程,BPs抑制破骨細胞活性,同時對成骨細胞也存在抑制作用,而成骨細胞活性與骨折愈合過程密切相關。但有動物實驗表明,BPs對骨折愈合影響不明顯[9]。也有動物實驗結果表明,BPs雖然抑制骨吸收,但會提高骨痂骨礦含量及體積,改善骨骼力學特性[10-11]。另一項關于唑來膦酸的動物實驗也提示雙膦酸鹽雖會抑制骨重建,但對骨痂形成具有促進作用[12]。本研究結果顯示阿侖膦酸鈉可促進骨強度的增加和骨密度提高。
他汀類藥物(statins)是羥甲基五二酰輔酶A(HMG-CoA)還原酶抑制劑,通過競爭性抑制和反饋刺激作用,減少細胞內膽固醇合成以及增加血清膽固醇的清除,是目前臨床常用降脂藥物[13]。上世紀末Mundy等[3]發現他汀類藥物具有促進成骨的作用,其能明顯刺激體外培養的成骨細胞增殖。許多基礎和臨床研究支持上述觀點,認為對于骨轉換指標、增加骨礦物密度及降低骨折危險因素,他汀類藥物均可產生積極影響。本世紀初,Maritz等[7]的研究發現辛伐他汀雖然不能阻止去勢大鼠骨量的丟失,但確實對骨轉換和骨代謝有刺激作用,尤其以高劑量組[20mg/(kg·d)]更為明顯[7]。這些發現提示他汀類藥物可作為成骨類抗骨質疏松藥的潛在手段。關于藥物干預方式,早年在辛伐他汀對骨折愈合或骨缺損愈合影響的研究中,主要以骨折局部皮下注射或內固定涂層等局部給藥為主[14],但由于在辛伐他汀的臨床應用上多為口服,近年來通過口服(灌胃)給藥方式觀察辛伐他汀對骨質疏松大鼠骨折愈合影響的研究逐漸增多。本研究選擇了灌胃給藥方式,結果顯示辛伐他汀組(D組)和骨質疏松對照組(B組)之間比較,骨密度和骨骼生物力學強度差異較小,無明顯統計學意義,考慮可能與口服給藥后骨折局部未達到有效藥物濃度等因素有關,具體仍待進一步實驗證實。
綜上所述,雙膦酸鹽類藥物是目前防治骨質疏松癥的臨床常用藥物,其對骨折愈合過程的影響可能與藥物種類、劑量、給藥時間及患者年齡有關。其中多數動物實驗及臨床研究結果顯示,常規劑量BPs對骨折愈合無明顯不利影響。但目前動物研究中提示BPs可提高骨痂骨礦含量及體積,因此能夠增加骨折植入物的穩定性。且本研究中證實了阿侖膦酸鈉能夠增加骨密度,增強生物力學特性,這些都是對于促進骨折愈合較為積極的因素。但是目前關于BPs對骨折愈合的最終影響仍未達成共識,且關于雙膦酸鹽藥物最佳干預時間、藥物劑量及給藥方式等仍需實驗進一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-25)endprint
[8] Martin T,Gooi JH,Sims NA.Molecular mechanisms in coupling of bone formation to resorption [J].Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr,2009,19: 73-88.
[9] Rozental TD,Vazquez MA,Chacko AT,et al.Comparison of radiographic fracture healing in the distal radius for Patients on and off bisphosphonate therapy[J].J Hand Surg Am,2009,34:595-602.
[10] Matos MA,Tannuri U,Guarniero R.The effect of zoledronate during bone healing[J].J Orthopaed Traumatol,2010,11:7-12.
[11] Amanat N,Mcdonald M,Godfrey C,et al.Optimal timing of bolus intravenous zoledronic acid in a rat fracture model[J].J Bone Miner Res,2007,22:867-876.
[12] Li YF,Zhou CC,Li J,et al.The effects of combined human parathyroid hormone(1-34) and zoledronic acid treatment on fracture healing in osteoporotic rats[J/OL].OsteoporosInt,2011[2011-12-30].
[13] Bollerslev,JWikon SC,Dick M,et al.LRP5 gene polymorphisms predict bone masss arld irlcident factures in elderly australian wowen[J].Bone,2005,36(4):599-606.
[14] Tannigo,Takaoka,Tabatay.Sustained release of water-insolublesim vastatin from biodegradable hydrogel augments bone regenerationJ].J Controlled Release,2010,143(2):201-206.
(收稿日期:2014-03-25)endprint
[8] Martin T,Gooi JH,Sims NA.Molecular mechanisms in coupling of bone formation to resorption [J].Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr,2009,19: 73-88.
[9] Rozental TD,Vazquez MA,Chacko AT,et al.Comparison of radiographic fracture healing in the distal radius for Patients on and off bisphosphonate therapy[J].J Hand Surg Am,2009,34:595-602.
[10] Matos MA,Tannuri U,Guarniero R.The effect of zoledronate during bone healing[J].J Orthopaed Traumatol,2010,11:7-12.
[11] Amanat N,Mcdonald M,Godfrey C,et al.Optimal timing of bolus intravenous zoledronic acid in a rat fracture model[J].J Bone Miner Res,2007,22:867-876.
[12] Li YF,Zhou CC,Li J,et al.The effects of combined human parathyroid hormone(1-34) and zoledronic acid treatment on fracture healing in osteoporotic rats[J/OL].OsteoporosInt,2011[2011-12-30].
[13] Bollerslev,JWikon SC,Dick M,et al.LRP5 gene polymorphisms predict bone masss arld irlcident factures in elderly australian wowen[J].Bone,2005,36(4):599-606.
[14] Tannigo,Takaoka,Tabatay.Sustained release of water-insolublesim vastatin from biodegradable hydrogel augments bone regenerationJ].J Controlled Release,2010,143(2):201-206.
(收稿日期:2014-03-25)endprint