吳璟等
摘要丙烯酰胺由于分子量小、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制備其特異性抗體難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。本研究將丙烯酰胺與對(duì)巰基苯乙酸衍生合成半抗原,偶聯(lián)載體蛋白并免疫動(dòng)物制備針對(duì)丙烯酰胺衍生物的特異性抗體,并進(jìn)行辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記,進(jìn)而建立通過檢測(cè)丙烯酰胺衍生物實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)丙烯酰胺定量分析的直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)酶聯(lián)免疫分析方法。本方法對(duì)丙烯酰胺的檢出限為3.0 μg/L,線性范圍為9.2~195 μg/L,對(duì)餅干、薯片及咖啡樣品中丙烯酰胺的平均添加回收率為83.6%~112.7%,結(jié)果與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢測(cè)方法HPLCMS/MS符合。本方法可用于食品樣品中丙烯酰胺的快速檢測(cè)。
1引言
丙烯酰胺(Acrylamide)廣泛存在于油炸或焙烤的馬鈴薯和谷物類食品中\[1\],被國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)列為2A類致癌物質(zhì)。目前,丙烯酰胺的檢測(cè)方法主要有色譜法\[2~5\]、毛細(xì)管電泳\[6\]、質(zhì)子傳遞反應(yīng)質(zhì)譜\[7\]等,這些方法需要昂貴的檢測(cè)儀器、費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力,難以適應(yīng)量大面廣的檢測(cè)需求。
基于抗原抗體的免疫分析方法具有靈敏度好、特異性高、操作簡(jiǎn)便及檢測(cè)成本低等特點(diǎn)\[8\],可以作為儀器檢測(cè)方法的有效補(bǔ)充。但是,由于丙烯酰胺的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,分子量?。?1.08 Da),即使與載體蛋白偶聯(lián)后也難以有效刺激動(dòng)物免疫應(yīng)答產(chǎn)生抗體\[1\]。盡管文獻(xiàn)\[9,10\]以丙烯酰胺的結(jié)構(gòu)類似物N丙烯酰氧基琥珀酰亞胺(NAS)作為半抗原,并制備了針對(duì)丙烯酰胺的多克隆抗體,但此法重復(fù)性差,本實(shí)驗(yàn)室通過多次重復(fù)均無法制備得到針對(duì)丙烯酰胺的抗體。Chappey等\[11\]也通過大量文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)出,當(dāng)化合物(半抗原)的分子量<300 Da時(shí),其特異性的高親和力抗體制備難度增大;而當(dāng)半抗原分子量<150 Da時(shí),其高特異性高親和力的抗體幾乎無法獲得。
本研究針對(duì)丙烯酰胺的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),利用其雙鍵易于發(fā)生邁克爾加成反應(yīng)\[12\]的特性,使其與對(duì)巰基苯乙酸發(fā)生快速、簡(jiǎn)便的衍生反應(yīng), 制備全新半抗原; 將半抗原與載體蛋白偶聯(lián), 制備針對(duì)半抗原的高特異性抗體,隨后對(duì)抗體進(jìn)行辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記,進(jìn)而建立通過檢測(cè)丙烯酰胺衍生產(chǎn)物的丙烯酰胺直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)酶聯(lián)免疫分析方法(dcELISA),經(jīng)過條件優(yōu)化后用于實(shí)際樣品檢測(cè),且與HPLCMS/MS方法所得結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)照。
2實(shí)驗(yàn)部分
2.1儀器與試劑
DRX400/600核磁共振儀(德國(guó)Burker公司),UV160A紫外可見掃描儀(日本Kyoto公司),Multiskan MK3多功能酶標(biāo)儀(美國(guó)Thermo公司),AB SCIEX 5500 三重四級(jí)桿質(zhì)譜儀(美國(guó)AB SCIEX公司)。
丙烯酰胺(99%)、對(duì)巰基苯乙酸(99.5%)購(gòu)自北京百靈威試劑公司;辣根過氧化物酶(HRP)、匙孔血藍(lán)蛋白(KLH)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;包被液、洗滌液、封閉液均按文獻(xiàn)方法配制;稀釋液為磷酸鹽緩沖液(0.2 g/L KH2PO4,2.9 g/L Na2HPO
2.2.2人工抗原的合成與鑒定采用活潑酯法\[14\]將半抗原MPA與載體蛋白KLH和OVA分別偶聯(lián),如圖1所示。采用紫外光譜法對(duì)偶聯(lián)產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行鑒定\[15\]。
2.2.3酶標(biāo)記多克隆抗體的制備與純化將制備的抗原MPAKLH按照文獻(xiàn)\[16\]的免疫方案,免疫兩只1.8~2.2 kg雌性新西蘭大白兔,得兔抗血清,用辛酸硫酸銨\[17\]法純化抗血清,并按照文獻(xiàn)\[16\]制備酶標(biāo)記多克隆抗血清,
Symbolm@@ 20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
2.2.4dcELISA方法的建立根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)\[18\]所述的dcELISA的操作步驟,通過棋盤滴定法確定最佳抗體稀釋倍數(shù)及包被原濃度;通過單因素實(shí)驗(yàn),考察吐溫20濃度,離子濃度對(duì)dcELISA檢測(cè)方法的影響。以Amax/IC50的比值作為評(píng)價(jià)各影響因素的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),比值越大,則代表靈敏度越高\[18\]。選取最佳的反應(yīng)條件,使用Origin8.5軟件,按照四參數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)擬合繪制MPA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。
2.2.5方法的特異性以交叉反應(yīng)率評(píng)價(jià)dcELISA方法的特異性,交叉反應(yīng)率(CR)越高,特異性越差\[19\]。用公式(1)計(jì)算各競(jìng)爭(zhēng)物與抗MPA抗體的交叉反應(yīng)率。
2.3添加回收率的測(cè)定
對(duì)市售薯片、餅干、咖啡樣品,按0, 50, 200和1000 μg/kg的比例,分別添加丙烯酰胺標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,粉碎混勻。每份樣品稱取2 g,加入20 mL蒸餾水,漩渦振蕩2 min,8000 r/min離心10 min,取10 mL上清液再次離心,加入20 mL正己烷漩渦振蕩脫脂取水層。取2 mL提取液用于HPLCMS/MS分析;另取5 mL上述提取液, 加入2 mg對(duì)巰基苯乙酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,調(diào)至pH 9.6, 50 ℃下暗處反應(yīng)30 min,反應(yīng)結(jié)束后調(diào)至pH 7.4, 用乙酸乙酯萃取衍生產(chǎn)物MPA,氮?dú)獯蹈梢宜嵋阴ズ螅?加1 mL 5% 甲醇PBST溶液復(fù)溶衍生產(chǎn)物,用于dcELISA分析。每個(gè)添加量做3個(gè)平行實(shí)驗(yàn),計(jì)算本方法的添加回收率。
3.2人工抗原的鑒定
采用活潑酯法制備得到人工抗原,并通過測(cè)定其紫外吸收?qǐng)D譜對(duì)其進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定。從圖3可知,人工抗原MPAKLH和MPAOVA的紫外吸收?qǐng)D譜同時(shí)具備了MPA和載體蛋白的紫外吸收特征,說明人工抗原偶聯(lián)成功。
3.3血清效價(jià)及抑制率的測(cè)定
采用間接ELISA測(cè)得抗血清的效價(jià)為1∶64000;采用間接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)ELISA測(cè)定抗血清的抑制率,結(jié)果表明,此抗血清可以識(shí)別半抗原MPA,但無法識(shí)別游離丙烯酰胺。當(dāng)使用半抗原MPA作為抑制藥物時(shí),1 mg/L對(duì)抗體效價(jià)的抑制率為80.6%。
3.4MPA抗血清dcELISA方法的建立
對(duì)包被原濃度、抗體稀釋倍數(shù)、稀釋液體系、吐溫20濃度、PO3
Symbolm@@ 4濃度、甲醇體積分?jǐn)?shù)等工作條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,以Amax/IC50值為判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其值越大,方法的檢測(cè)效果越好\[18\]。通過對(duì)ELISA工作條件優(yōu)化,確定的最佳工作條件參數(shù)如下:包被濃度為250 μg/L,抗體稀釋倍數(shù)為16000倍,緩沖體系為含500 μL/L吐溫、 PO3
Symbolm@@ 4濃度為400 mmol/L的PBST溶液。甲醇體積分?jǐn)?shù)低于5%時(shí),IC50值及Amax/IC50沒有顯著變化,對(duì)dcELISA工作效果沒有太大影響。根據(jù)上述條件,繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線(圖4)。本方法的半抑制濃度(IC50)為45.5 μg/L,檢出限(LOD)為3.0 μg/L,線性檢測(cè)范圍為9.2~195 μg/L。
3.5方法特異性分析
選取衍生反應(yīng)物、丙烯酰胺類似物及其類似衍生物做交叉反應(yīng)。由表1可知,抗體與其它藥物的交叉反應(yīng)率均小于1%,說明本方法所用的多克隆抗體對(duì)MPA具有很高的特異性。
[TS(16Y][
3.6添加回收實(shí)驗(yàn)
由于丙烯酰胺在食品內(nèi)可通過麥拉德反應(yīng)自發(fā)形成\[1\],存在于高溫加工淀粉類食品中,不含丙烯酰胺的高溫加工淀粉類陰性樣品極少見。為此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)先用HPLCMS/MS法準(zhǔn)確測(cè)定空白樣品中丙烯酰胺的含量,在此基礎(chǔ)上添加已知濃度的丙烯酰胺,采用dcELISA進(jìn)行檢測(cè),扣除空白樣品丙烯酰胺的含量后,計(jì)算回收率;兩種方法對(duì)比結(jié)果見表2。dcELISA對(duì)樣品的平均回收率在83.6%~112.7% 之間,HPLCMS/MS對(duì)樣品的平均回收率在74.5%~96.5%之間,說明所建立的dcELISA方法準(zhǔn)確度和精密度好,可用于實(shí)際樣品檢測(cè)。由于制備直接針對(duì)丙烯酰胺的特異性抗體難度大,本實(shí)驗(yàn)利用丙烯酰胺的雙鍵易于發(fā)生邁克爾加成的特點(diǎn),將其與對(duì)巰基苯乙酸衍生,制備獲得特征結(jié)構(gòu)顯著的半抗原,將其與載體蛋白偶聯(lián)并免疫動(dòng)物,獲得了可以特異性識(shí)別半抗原的高特異性抗體。檢測(cè)丙烯酰胺前,通過進(jìn)行衍生化,即可利用所建立的ELISA方法對(duì)衍生物含量進(jìn)行檢測(cè),從而推算出樣品中丙烯酰胺的含量。丙烯酰胺的衍生時(shí)間約為30 min,衍生率為87.1%,且所建立的ELISA方法檢測(cè)時(shí)間少于1 h,檢測(cè)成本低,特別適合大量樣品的快速篩查。本研究對(duì)于今后開展食品樣品中丙烯酰胺含量的監(jiān)測(cè)與監(jiān)管具有重要意義。
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鄧 浩, 孔德彬, 楊金易, 徐振林, 沈玉棟, 楊星星, 孫遠(yuǎn)明. 分析化學(xué), 2013, 41(2): 247-252
AbstractDue to the low molecular weight and simple structure, the production of specific antibodies against acrylamide is unavailable. In this study, a novel hapten was synthesized through the derivatization of acrylamide and 4mercaptophenylacetic acid. The hapten was then coupled to carrier protein and used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Polyclonal antibody which showed specific binding to the acrylamide derivative (hapten) was obtained. The antibody was labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and used to develop a direct competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA). The dcELISA was used to determine the content of acrylamide derivative, and then transferred to the content of acrylamide. The assay showed an IC50 value of 45.49 μg/L, a limit of detection of 3.0 μg/L and the linear range of 9.2-195 μg/L for acrylamide. The recovery of acrylamide from spiked food sample was determined ranging from 83.6% to 112.7%. Good correlations between the results of dcELISA and standard HPLCMS/MS were obtained. The proposed dcELISA is suitable for the determination of acrylamide in food samples.
KeywordsAcrylamide; Polyclonal antibody; Direct competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay; Derivatization
15Shen Y D, Wang Y, Zhang S W, Xiao Z L, Sun Y M, Bu X Z, Gu L Q. Chinese Chem. Letter., 2007, 18: 1490-1492
16Meulenberg E P. J. Toxins, 2012, 4(4): 244-266
17CHEN Dan, SUN GuangRui, LIU ZengShan. J. Anhui Agric. Sci., 2007, 35(26): 8105-8108
陳 丹, 孫廣瑞, 柳增善. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2007, 35(26): 8105-8108
18Liang C, Jin R, Gui W, Zhu G. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41(19): 6783-6788
19DENG Hao, KONG DeBin, Yang JinYi, XU ZhenLin, SHEN YuDong, YANG XingXing, SUN YuanMing. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 41(2): 247-252
鄧 浩, 孔德彬, 楊金易, 徐振林, 沈玉棟, 楊星星, 孫遠(yuǎn)明. 分析化學(xué), 2013, 41(2): 247-252
AbstractDue to the low molecular weight and simple structure, the production of specific antibodies against acrylamide is unavailable. In this study, a novel hapten was synthesized through the derivatization of acrylamide and 4mercaptophenylacetic acid. The hapten was then coupled to carrier protein and used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Polyclonal antibody which showed specific binding to the acrylamide derivative (hapten) was obtained. The antibody was labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and used to develop a direct competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA). The dcELISA was used to determine the content of acrylamide derivative, and then transferred to the content of acrylamide. The assay showed an IC50 value of 45.49 μg/L, a limit of detection of 3.0 μg/L and the linear range of 9.2-195 μg/L for acrylamide. The recovery of acrylamide from spiked food sample was determined ranging from 83.6% to 112.7%. Good correlations between the results of dcELISA and standard HPLCMS/MS were obtained. The proposed dcELISA is suitable for the determination of acrylamide in food samples.
KeywordsAcrylamide; Polyclonal antibody; Direct competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay; Derivatization
15Shen Y D, Wang Y, Zhang S W, Xiao Z L, Sun Y M, Bu X Z, Gu L Q. Chinese Chem. Letter., 2007, 18: 1490-1492
16Meulenberg E P. J. Toxins, 2012, 4(4): 244-266
17CHEN Dan, SUN GuangRui, LIU ZengShan. J. Anhui Agric. Sci., 2007, 35(26): 8105-8108
陳 丹, 孫廣瑞, 柳增善. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2007, 35(26): 8105-8108
18Liang C, Jin R, Gui W, Zhu G. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41(19): 6783-6788
19DENG Hao, KONG DeBin, Yang JinYi, XU ZhenLin, SHEN YuDong, YANG XingXing, SUN YuanMing. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 41(2): 247-252
鄧 浩, 孔德彬, 楊金易, 徐振林, 沈玉棟, 楊星星, 孫遠(yuǎn)明. 分析化學(xué), 2013, 41(2): 247-252
AbstractDue to the low molecular weight and simple structure, the production of specific antibodies against acrylamide is unavailable. In this study, a novel hapten was synthesized through the derivatization of acrylamide and 4mercaptophenylacetic acid. The hapten was then coupled to carrier protein and used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Polyclonal antibody which showed specific binding to the acrylamide derivative (hapten) was obtained. The antibody was labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and used to develop a direct competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA). The dcELISA was used to determine the content of acrylamide derivative, and then transferred to the content of acrylamide. The assay showed an IC50 value of 45.49 μg/L, a limit of detection of 3.0 μg/L and the linear range of 9.2-195 μg/L for acrylamide. The recovery of acrylamide from spiked food sample was determined ranging from 83.6% to 112.7%. Good correlations between the results of dcELISA and standard HPLCMS/MS were obtained. The proposed dcELISA is suitable for the determination of acrylamide in food samples.
KeywordsAcrylamide; Polyclonal antibody; Direct competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay; Derivatization