戴守輝等
摘要顆粒揮發性可以影響顆粒在大氣中的壽命,對大氣顆粒物中二次氣溶膠的形成機制研究有一定的參考價值。以往研究測量顆粒揮發性采用的是熱熔蝕器,其活性炭吸附器一旦老化后,在較高溫度下可能會釋放出活性炭,造成測量失真。本研究針對熱熔蝕器的上述缺點,以稀釋器替代活性炭吸附器部分,與單顆粒氣溶膠質譜儀(SPAMS)連接,建立了一種在線分析單個氣溶膠顆粒揮發性的測量方法。氣溶膠顆粒分別通過兩個通道進入SPAMS分析顆粒信息。通道1,氣溶膠顆粒由管路進入加熱器,被加熱至不同的溫度,顆粒揮發產生的氣體和揮發后的顆粒內核進入稀釋器部分,利用干凈干燥冷的稀釋氣對加熱揮發后的氣體和顆粒進行稀釋,使顆粒溫度降低并短時間內不與氣體發生冷凝,最后進入SPAMS進行檢測。通道2為單獨硅膠管,其長度與通道1相同,氣溶膠顆粒通過通道2直接進入SPAMS檢測。通過對比通道1和通道2獲得的顆粒信息(粒徑、數目和質譜信息等),得到氣溶膠顆粒在不同溫度下的揮發性。實驗室用標準物質進行評估測試,結果表明,采用稀釋器可以避免活性炭吸附器使用時間變長而失效,防止揮發性物質冷凝回到顆粒中。應用本方法初步測定了廣州市春季氣溶膠的揮發性,表明春季氣溶膠多為高度揮發性和中度揮發性物質。
1引言
大氣氣溶膠顆粒對空氣質量、區域和全球氣候變化,以及人類健康都有重要影響\[1~3\]。揮發性是氣溶膠顆粒的一個重要特性,它主要由顆粒內部物質的化學性質決定。當氣溶膠被加熱或被干凈的空氣稀釋時會揮發,比如柴油動力車排放的有機化合物在低溫或高濃度的情況下會優先以凝聚相存在于顆粒中,但是當排放物被稀釋或加熱時,這些物質則會從顆粒相中揮發出來\[4\]。顆粒揮發性會通過二次反應和干濕沉降的去除而直接影響其化學組分在大氣中的壽命\[5\];Pratt等通過表征加熱前后老化顆粒的化學特征,發現很多230 ℃加熱后的顆粒和新鮮汽車尾氣、生物質燃燒、海鹽以及粉塵顆粒有相似的化學特征,表明顆粒揮發性的研究可以將高度老化的顆粒追溯至它們的初始來源\[6\],為顆粒物源解析提供參考。
顆粒揮發性可以在一定程度上反映顆粒的老化過程,對大氣顆粒物中二次氣溶膠的形成機制研究有一定的參考價值\[7\]。最早氣溶膠揮發性的測量和分析,被稱作熱分餾\[8\],主要是利用顆粒中不同物質在一定溫度下會快速揮發,而該特征溫度與這些物質的蒸氣壓、沸點和蒸發焓等有密切相關\[9,10\]。揮發性的測量目前普遍采用金屬加熱管與活性炭吸附器串聯使用,合稱熱熔蝕器(Thermodenuder, TD)\[11\],如圖1所示,其原理是:氣溶膠顆粒首先進入加熱管,在不同的設定溫度下,易揮發的物質從顆粒相中逃逸出來,之后進入活性炭吸附器。活性炭吸附器的作用是吸附揮發出來的氣相物質,防止這部分物質在冷凝后重新和顆粒相結合。熱熔蝕器通常與一些化學分析類儀器,如氣溶膠質譜儀(AMS)、掃描電遷移顆粒分析儀(SMPS)、氣溶膠飛行時間質譜儀(ATOFMS)等聯用,可在線分析揮發性組分的化學組成及揮發后顆粒的粒徑等信息 \[7,12,13\]。活性炭吸附器的另外一個作用就是使加熱后的顆粒冷卻,以便儀器檢測。
使用熱熔蝕器的缺點是一旦活性炭吸附器的吸附能力失效后,揮發物就會重新回到顆粒物中或形成新的可冷凝態\[9,14\],影響顆粒揮發性的測量。此外,活性炭吸附器可能會由于氣體溫度過高造成活性碳的釋放,造成測量失真。本研究針對目前熱熔蝕器的這些缺點,采用稀釋器替代活性炭吸附器部分,與國產單顆粒氣溶膠質譜儀(SPAMS)連接,建立一種在線分析氣溶膠顆粒揮發性的測量方法,并對該方法進行了實驗室評估和實際大氣的應用。本研究可為二次氣溶膠的研究提供一定的參考價值。
2LI Lei, TAN GuoBin, ZHANG Li, FU Zhong, NIAN HuiQing, HUANG ZhengXu, ZHOU Zhen, LI Mei. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 41(12): 1831-1836
李 磊, 譚國斌, 張 莉, 傅 忠, 粘慧青, 黃正旭, 周 振, 李 梅. 分析化學, 2013, 41(12): 1831-1836
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10Villani P, Picard D, Marchand N, Laj P. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2007, 41(10): 898-906
11Huffman J A, Ziemann P J, Jayne J T, Worsnop D R, Jimenez J L. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(5), 395-407
12Hara K, Osada K, NishitaHara C, Yabuki M, Hayashi M, Yamanouchi T, Wada M, Shiobara M. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2011, 11(18): 9803-9812
13Hall W A, Johnston M V. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2012, 46(9): 983-989
14Cheng M D, Allman S E. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2011, 82(12): 125106
15LI Mei, DONG JunGuo, HUANG ZhengXu, LI Lei, GAO Wei, NIAN HuiQing, FU Zhong, CHENG Ping, ZHOU Zhen. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(6): 936-939
李 梅, 董俊國, 黃正旭, 李 磊, 高 偉, 粘慧青, 傅 忠, 程 平, 周 振. 分析化學, 2012, 40(6): 936-939
16Ishizaka Y, Adhikari M. J. Geophys. Res., 2003, 108(D4): 4138
AbstractVolatility can influence the lifetime of particles in the atmosphere, and provide useful information on the formation of secondary aerosol. The previous studies generally utilized thermodenuder (TD) to investigate the volatility behavior of particles. Using TD, semivolatile species are vaporized at different temperature, and the vaporized gas is adsorpted by activated charcoal. However, carbon might be emitted from activated charcoal under high temperature or activated charcoal ageing. In this study, a new method was developed for the measurement of particle volatility by coupling a thermodiluter system to an online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Aerosol particles were passed into two different channels, and then analyzed by SPAMS. Through Channel 1, aerosol particles were heated to different temperature by heating tube, then nonvolatile particles and volatile gas entered into the diluter. After diluting and cooling by diluent air, the nonvolatile particles were analyzed by SPAMS. Through Channel 2, aerosol particles were analyzed directly by SPAMS without the heating process. Particle volatility was obtained by comparing the information (particle size, particle number and mass spectrum) of particles through Channels 1 and 2. Laboratory tests showed that the diluter could avoid the recondensation of volatiles to the particles. This developed method was applied in the real time measurement of individual particle volatility in the spring of Guangzhou. The results showed that these particles were primarily comprised of highly volatile and moderate volatile species.
KeywordsAerosol; Single particle; Volatility; Diluter; Single particle aerosol mass spectrometer
11Huffman J A, Ziemann P J, Jayne J T, Worsnop D R, Jimenez J L. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(5), 395-407
12Hara K, Osada K, NishitaHara C, Yabuki M, Hayashi M, Yamanouchi T, Wada M, Shiobara M. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2011, 11(18): 9803-9812
13Hall W A, Johnston M V. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2012, 46(9): 983-989
14Cheng M D, Allman S E. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2011, 82(12): 125106
15LI Mei, DONG JunGuo, HUANG ZhengXu, LI Lei, GAO Wei, NIAN HuiQing, FU Zhong, CHENG Ping, ZHOU Zhen. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(6): 936-939
李 梅, 董俊國, 黃正旭, 李 磊, 高 偉, 粘慧青, 傅 忠, 程 平, 周 振. 分析化學, 2012, 40(6): 936-939
16Ishizaka Y, Adhikari M. J. Geophys. Res., 2003, 108(D4): 4138
AbstractVolatility can influence the lifetime of particles in the atmosphere, and provide useful information on the formation of secondary aerosol. The previous studies generally utilized thermodenuder (TD) to investigate the volatility behavior of particles. Using TD, semivolatile species are vaporized at different temperature, and the vaporized gas is adsorpted by activated charcoal. However, carbon might be emitted from activated charcoal under high temperature or activated charcoal ageing. In this study, a new method was developed for the measurement of particle volatility by coupling a thermodiluter system to an online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Aerosol particles were passed into two different channels, and then analyzed by SPAMS. Through Channel 1, aerosol particles were heated to different temperature by heating tube, then nonvolatile particles and volatile gas entered into the diluter. After diluting and cooling by diluent air, the nonvolatile particles were analyzed by SPAMS. Through Channel 2, aerosol particles were analyzed directly by SPAMS without the heating process. Particle volatility was obtained by comparing the information (particle size, particle number and mass spectrum) of particles through Channels 1 and 2. Laboratory tests showed that the diluter could avoid the recondensation of volatiles to the particles. This developed method was applied in the real time measurement of individual particle volatility in the spring of Guangzhou. The results showed that these particles were primarily comprised of highly volatile and moderate volatile species.
KeywordsAerosol; Single particle; Volatility; Diluter; Single particle aerosol mass spectrometer
11Huffman J A, Ziemann P J, Jayne J T, Worsnop D R, Jimenez J L. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(5), 395-407
12Hara K, Osada K, NishitaHara C, Yabuki M, Hayashi M, Yamanouchi T, Wada M, Shiobara M. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2011, 11(18): 9803-9812
13Hall W A, Johnston M V. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 2012, 46(9): 983-989
14Cheng M D, Allman S E. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2011, 82(12): 125106
15LI Mei, DONG JunGuo, HUANG ZhengXu, LI Lei, GAO Wei, NIAN HuiQing, FU Zhong, CHENG Ping, ZHOU Zhen. Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 40(6): 936-939
李 梅, 董俊國, 黃正旭, 李 磊, 高 偉, 粘慧青, 傅 忠, 程 平, 周 振. 分析化學, 2012, 40(6): 936-939
16Ishizaka Y, Adhikari M. J. Geophys. Res., 2003, 108(D4): 4138
AbstractVolatility can influence the lifetime of particles in the atmosphere, and provide useful information on the formation of secondary aerosol. The previous studies generally utilized thermodenuder (TD) to investigate the volatility behavior of particles. Using TD, semivolatile species are vaporized at different temperature, and the vaporized gas is adsorpted by activated charcoal. However, carbon might be emitted from activated charcoal under high temperature or activated charcoal ageing. In this study, a new method was developed for the measurement of particle volatility by coupling a thermodiluter system to an online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Aerosol particles were passed into two different channels, and then analyzed by SPAMS. Through Channel 1, aerosol particles were heated to different temperature by heating tube, then nonvolatile particles and volatile gas entered into the diluter. After diluting and cooling by diluent air, the nonvolatile particles were analyzed by SPAMS. Through Channel 2, aerosol particles were analyzed directly by SPAMS without the heating process. Particle volatility was obtained by comparing the information (particle size, particle number and mass spectrum) of particles through Channels 1 and 2. Laboratory tests showed that the diluter could avoid the recondensation of volatiles to the particles. This developed method was applied in the real time measurement of individual particle volatility in the spring of Guangzhou. The results showed that these particles were primarily comprised of highly volatile and moderate volatile species.
KeywordsAerosol; Single particle; Volatility; Diluter; Single particle aerosol mass spectrometer