姚剛+趙繼福+黃倩+于挺敏
[摘要] 目的 探討頭痛寧膠囊干預偏頭痛大鼠,對模型大鼠中腦降鈣素基因相關肽(CGRP)基因表達的影響,及頭痛寧膠囊對內源性痛覺調制系統功能的干預作用。 方法 將24只健康成年Wistar大鼠隨機分為對照組(A組),偏頭痛組(B組),頭痛寧膠囊對照組(C組),頭痛寧膠囊治療組(D組),每組6只。C、D組給予頭痛寧膠囊0.375 g/(kg·d)灌胃7 d,之后B、D組大鼠制備硝酸甘油型偏頭痛大鼠模型,造模2 h處死大鼠,取中腦組織。采用實時定量PCR檢測各組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數。 結果 A、B、C、D組大鼠中腦每250 ng總RNA中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數分別為:(1.13±0.68)×104、(1.61±0.51)×104、(0.80±0.45)×104、(0.75±0.27)×104。A組與B組、C組與D組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數比較,差異均無統計學意義(P > 0.05);C、D組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數明顯低于B組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結論 頭痛寧膠囊可以降低偏頭痛發作時中腦CGRP基因的表達,發揮治療偏頭痛的作用。
[關鍵詞] 降鈣素基因相關肽;偏頭痛;頭痛寧膠囊
[中圖分類號] R747.2 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)08(c)-0012-04
Effects of Toutongning Capsule on CGRP expression in the midbrain of rats with migraine headache model
YAO Gang1 ZHAO Jifu2 HUANG Qian1 YU Tingmin1▲
1.Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Province, Changchun 130041, China; 2. Department of Medical, Changchun Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Province, Changchun 130022, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of Toutongning Capsule on Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the midbrain of rats with migraine headache, and the intervention effect of Toutongning Capsule on the function of endogenous pain modulation system. Methods A total of 24 adult Wistar rats were divided into control group (group A), model group (group B), Toutongning Capsule control group (group C) and Toutongning Capsule treatment group (group D), with 6 rats in each group. Group C and group D were given the Toutongning Capsule 0.375 g/(kg·d) for 7 days. 2 hours following nitroglycerin injection, the midbrains of rats were isolated and the expression of CGR was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Results CGRP mRNA levels (CGRP mRNA copies per 250 ng total RNA) in the rat midbrain of group A, B, C, D were (1.13±0.68)×104, (1.61±0.51)×104, (0.80±0.45)×104, (0.75±0.27)×104 respectively. CGRP mRNA levels were similar between group A and group B, group C and group D, there were no significant differences in the CGRP mRNA copy number in the rat midbrain (P > 0.05). The CGRP mRNA levels were significantly lower in the group C and group D compared with the groups B, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The therapeutically beneficial effects of Toutongning Capsule to migraine headaches is ralated to downregulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA expressions in the midbrain.
[Key words] Calcitonin gene-related peptide; Migraine; Toutongning Capsule
降鈣素基因相關肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是內源性痛覺調制系統中重要的中介物質,拮抗和減弱內源性阿片肽在中腦的鎮痛效應,參與調節內源性痛覺調制系統的功能[1-2]。頭痛寧膠囊對多種慢性頭痛(如偏頭痛、緊張型頭痛等)均有較為滿意的療效[3-4]。該藥對內源性痛覺調制系統的關鍵結構——中腦CGRP的表達是否產生影響目前尚無相關研究。本實驗通過觀察頭痛寧膠囊對偏頭痛模型大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA表達的影響,探討該藥對偏頭痛的治療機制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試劑與儀器
頭痛寧膠囊(咸陽步長制藥有限公司);硝酸甘油注射劑(山西康寶生物制品股份有限公司);RNAiso Reagent、RNA PCR Kit(AMV)Ver.3.0、E.coli DH5α、pEASY-T1 Vector、限制酶BamH Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅴ、SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM均購自大連TaKaRa公司;AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit及AxyPrep Plasmid Miniprep Kit購自Axygen Biosciences公司;其他試劑均為國產分析純。PCR儀(Perkin Elmer GeneAmp PCR system2400);臺式冷凍離心機(MIKRO 22R zentrifugen);超低溫冰箱(MDF-382E);Sub-Cell GT(Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Systems,BIO-RAD);BIO-RAD Power PAC 200/300穩壓穩流電泳儀;凝膠成像系統(Kada);紫外分光光度計(UV-2401PC,Shimadzu),軟件:UVPC version 3.9;定量PCR儀(ABI PRISM 7500)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1實驗動物、分組、藥物干預、造模
健康Wistar大鼠24只,雌雄各半,200~220 g,由吉林大學基礎醫學院動物中心提供。24只健康成年Wistar大鼠,隨機分為4組:對照組(A組),偏頭痛組(B組),頭痛寧膠囊對照組(C組),頭痛寧膠囊治療組(D組),每組6只。根據成人每日口服劑量換算得到實驗大鼠給藥劑量,頭痛寧膠囊對照組和頭痛寧膠囊治療組給予頭痛寧膠囊0.375 g/(kg·d)灌胃,對照組、偏頭痛組給予生理鹽水2 mL/d灌胃給藥,連續給藥7 d后,偏頭痛組和頭痛寧膠囊對照組大鼠制備偏頭痛大鼠模型(臀部皮下注射硝酸甘油注射劑10 mg/kg),以造模大鼠出現爬籠次數增多、前肢頻繁搔頭、往返運動、咬尾等不適的癥狀為造模成功的指標[6]。對照組和頭痛寧膠囊對照組大鼠皮下注射生理鹽水2 mL/kg。
1.2.2 標本采集
造模2 h時10%水合氯醛麻醉大鼠(0.3 mL/100 g),取腦,分離中腦,-70℃保存。
1.2.3 實時定量PCR
1.2.3.1 cDNA合成 按RNA提取試劑盒說明書提取各組大鼠中腦總RNA。MgCl2 4 μL, RNase Inhibitor 0.5 μL, AMV Reverse Transcriptase 1 μL,5×RT Buffer 4 μL, dNTP Mixture (各10 mmol/L) 2 μL, Random 9 mers 1 μL, 總RNA 250 ng,以及RNase Free dH2O,總體積為20 μL。逆轉錄反應條件:30℃ 10 min,42℃ 30 min,99℃ 5 min,5℃ 5 min。
1.2.3.2 標準品制備 CGRP引物上游5'-AAGTTCTCCCCTTTCCTGGT-3',下游5'-GGTGGGCACAAAGTTG TCCT-3'。PCR擴增反應條件:變性(94℃ 30s),退火(53℃ 30 s),延伸(72℃ 30 s),35個循環。試劑盒回收、純化PCR擴增的目的基因,與pEASY-T1載體連接,之后轉化到E.coli DH5α中,氨芐青霉素篩選,試劑盒提取質粒,限制酶BamH Ⅰ、EcoR Ⅴ雙酶切鑒定及測序,證實CGRP cDNA全長完全正確。計算所提取質粒的拷貝數(測OD260值),作為標準品(無菌水10倍系列稀釋后分裝),-20℃保存。
1.2.3.3 SYBR GreenⅠ實時定量PCR SYBR Premix ExTaqTM 10 μL,ROX Reference Dye 0.4 μL,上下游引物各0.4 μL(10 μmol/L),cDNA標本2.0 μL,dH2O 6.8 μL,總反應體系為20 μL。10倍系列稀釋的標準品,同時進行PCR擴增。各標本均做3個復孔。反應條件:變性(94℃ 30 s),退火(53℃ 30 s),延伸(72℃ 30 s),共40個循環。同時進行熔解曲線分析,分析模式:95℃ 15 s,60℃ 20 s,95℃ 15 s。
1.3 統計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0統計學軟件進行數據分析,計量資料數據用均數±標準差(x±s)表示,組間差別采用單因素方差分析和Tukey比較,以P < 0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 CGRP質粒標準品
采用普通PCR獲得CGRP基因擴增產物,純化回收,與pEASY-T1載體連接成為重組質粒(標準品),質粒標準品經過雙酶切鑒定與預期結果一致,測序結果回報所克隆序列同靶基因序列的同源性達100%。
2.2 CGRP標準品實時定量PCR標準曲線
利用10倍系列稀釋的CGRP質粒標準品制作PCR標準曲線。基因檢測的下限為2.7×103拷貝/μL,檢測的上限為2.7×109拷貝/μL,回歸方程Ct= -2.69Log(x)+38.875,r=0.993,線性范圍達7個數量級(圖1)。
圖1 降鈣素基因相關肽基因標準品實時定量PCR標準曲線
2.3 產物特異性
熔解曲線分析結果顯示,10倍系列稀釋的CGRP質粒標準品PCR產物熔解曲線峰值均在88℃,峰形銳利,說明產物特異。
2.4 各組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA表達量
根據標準曲線,計算機可直接計算出各標本模板的CGRP mRNA初始含量(圖2)。各標本PCR擴增產物熔解曲線峰值也在88℃,說明產物特異。各組大鼠中腦每250 ng總RNA中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數分別為(1.13±0.68)×104、(1.61±0.51)×104、(0.80±0.45)×104、(0.75±0.27)×104。A、B組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數比較,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);C、D組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數,差異無統計學意義(P > 0.05);C、D組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA拷貝數比較,明顯低于B組,差異有統計學意義(P < 0.05)。
★P < 0.05
圖2 各組大鼠中腦CGRP mRNA表達情況
3 討論
頭痛寧膠囊由天麻、土茯苓、制何首烏、防風、全蝎、當歸六味藥材按照GMP標準嚴格生產的中成藥制劑。多數單藥組分具有鎮痛作用,天麻具有鎮靜、安神、減輕頭痛等作用[7]。動物實驗發現,土茯苓能明顯提高小鼠的熱板痛閾值[8]。當歸的抗氧化和抗自由基效應,起到神經保護的作用[9]。全蝎中含有的蝎毒多肽具有很強的鎮痛作用。有研究發現:頭痛寧膠囊可以上調偏頭痛大鼠中腦腦啡肽原mRNA的表達,進而增加與內源性鎮痛直接相關的兩種腦啡肽(甲硫氨酸腦啡肽和亮氨酸腦啡肽)在中腦的含量,說明頭痛寧膠囊對內源性痛覺調制系統的功能發揮調節作用[10]。
內源性痛覺調制系統的核心結構是中腦導水管周圍灰質(periaqueductal gray,PAG),凡是由激活更高中樞所產生的鎮痛效應,大部分都被證明是通過PAG才得以實現的,這充分體現了PAG在痛覺調制中的重要性[11-12]。PAG與延髓頭端腹內側網狀結構相連接,調節脊髓背角的痛覺初級傳入活動,這一過程通過下行抑制通路得以實現。CGRP作為內源性痛覺調制系統中重要的中介物質,參與疼痛與鎮痛過程。
本研究以頭痛寧膠囊為干預因素,觀察其對硝酸甘油型偏頭痛大鼠中腦CGRP表達的影響,進一步觀察頭痛寧膠囊對內源性痛覺調制系統的調節作用,探討其治療偏頭痛的中樞機制。本實驗建立的檢測大鼠CGRP基因的實時定量PCR方法,具有很高的敏感性和重復性,使得實驗結果精確可靠。實驗結果發現:以頭痛寧膠囊作為干預因素的偏頭痛大鼠,其中腦CGRP mRNA表達明顯低于偏頭痛模型大鼠,說明頭痛寧膠囊對偏頭痛大鼠中腦CGRP基因表達具有抑制作用。
CGRP與偏頭痛關系極為密切,在外周,CGRP是最有效的血管擴張肽[13],CGRP與位于腦血管平滑肌的CGRP受體結合導致腦血管異常擴張[14-15],引發頭痛。三叉神經血管末梢釋放的CGRP可觸發腦膜肥大細胞脫顆粒,進而引發一系列生物學反應,誘發腦膜神經源性炎癥[16],導致頭痛發生。除此以外,CGRP還是三叉神經脊束核中傷害性感受神經元的神經調質[17],傳遞痛覺信息。在中腦,CGRP的主要作用是拮抗內源性阿片肽的鎮痛效應[18]。本研究發現頭痛寧膠囊可以下調偏頭痛大鼠中腦CGRP的基因表達,由此認為頭痛寧膠囊治療偏頭痛的機制與其抑制中腦CGRP的表達有關。
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(收稿日期:2014-05-14 本文編輯:任 念)
[10] Yao G,Man YH,Qi JJ,et al. Effects of Toutongning capsule on enkephalin in a rat migraine headache model [J]. Neural Regeneration Research,2011,6(9):661-665.
[11] Tuveson B,Leffler AS,Hansson P. Influence of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation on spontaneous pain and dynamic mechanical allodynia in central post-stroke pain patients [J]. Pain,2009,143(1-2):84-91.
[12] Potvin S,Grignon S,Marchand S. Human evidence of a supra-spinal modulating role of dopamine on pain perception [J]. Synapse,2009,63(5):390-402.
[13] Brain SD,Grant AD. Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin [J]. Physiol Rev,2004, 84(3):903-934.
[14] Edvinsson L,Alm R,Shaw D,et al. Effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in human cerebral,coronary and omental arteries and in SK-N-MC cells [J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2002,434(1-2):49-53.
[15] Moreno MJ,Abounader R,Hebert E,et al. Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries:potential implications in acute migraine treatment [J]. Neuropharmacology,2002,42(4):568-576.
[16] Theoharides TC,Donelan J,Kandere-Grzybowska K,et al. The role of mast cells in migraine pathophysiology [J]. Brain Res Brain Res Rev,2005,49(1):65-76.
[17] Messlinger K. Migraine:where and how does the pain originate [J]. Exp Brain Res,2009,196(1):179-193.
[18] 謝啟文.神經肽[M].上海:復旦大學出版社,2004:7.
(收稿日期:2014-05-14 本文編輯:任 念)
[10] Yao G,Man YH,Qi JJ,et al. Effects of Toutongning capsule on enkephalin in a rat migraine headache model [J]. Neural Regeneration Research,2011,6(9):661-665.
[11] Tuveson B,Leffler AS,Hansson P. Influence of heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation on spontaneous pain and dynamic mechanical allodynia in central post-stroke pain patients [J]. Pain,2009,143(1-2):84-91.
[12] Potvin S,Grignon S,Marchand S. Human evidence of a supra-spinal modulating role of dopamine on pain perception [J]. Synapse,2009,63(5):390-402.
[13] Brain SD,Grant AD. Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin [J]. Physiol Rev,2004, 84(3):903-934.
[14] Edvinsson L,Alm R,Shaw D,et al. Effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in human cerebral,coronary and omental arteries and in SK-N-MC cells [J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2002,434(1-2):49-53.
[15] Moreno MJ,Abounader R,Hebert E,et al. Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries:potential implications in acute migraine treatment [J]. Neuropharmacology,2002,42(4):568-576.
[16] Theoharides TC,Donelan J,Kandere-Grzybowska K,et al. The role of mast cells in migraine pathophysiology [J]. Brain Res Brain Res Rev,2005,49(1):65-76.
[17] Messlinger K. Migraine:where and how does the pain originate [J]. Exp Brain Res,2009,196(1):179-193.
[18] 謝啟文.神經肽[M].上海:復旦大學出版社,2004:7.
(收稿日期:2014-05-14 本文編輯:任 念)