摘要 我國區域間存在廣泛而密切的經濟關系。任何一個區域的能源消耗既滿足了本地區的生產和生活需要,同時又支撐了其他地區的經濟活動。科學、公平地核算區域能耗責任不僅有助于識別各區域對全國能耗的貢獻,也有利于制定有效的跨區域能源政策。由于各類經濟主體使用能源的動機是為了獲得各種經濟利益,因此利益原則被普遍認為是能耗責任核算的基本原則。不過,利益原則的具體含義并不是單一的。根據經濟利益的類型,利益原則可區分為生產原則、收入原則、消費原則等三種基本原則及由它們衍生出來的收入加權原則、消費加權原則、綜合利益原則及加權綜合利益原則等四種共擔責任原則。鑒于多區域投入產出(MRIO)模型是刻畫各區域之間深刻的經濟關聯和各種經濟利益的有力工具,本文基于MRIO模型建立了各種利益原則下的區域能耗責任核算框架,并將之用于分析中國的省際能源效率和能耗責任。結果表明:不同省份同一產業的能源效率差異顯著。各省在不同原則下的能源效率和能耗責任也都具有顯著差異。不過,不管采用哪種原則,傳統能源密集型產業比重較大的省份(如寧夏、貴州、青海、山西和內蒙古)總是具有較低的能源效率,而一些沿海省份(如浙江、北京、廣東、上海、江蘇等)的能源效率總是較高。同時,經濟規模較大的省份(如廣東、江蘇、山東)總是具有較大的能耗責任,而經濟規模較小的省份(如海南、寧夏、青海)總是具有較小的能耗責任。這些發現具有豐富的政策含義:①寧夏、貴州、青海、山西、內蒙古、新疆、甘肅和云南等能源密集型產業比重較大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、廣西等生產責任大于其他責任的省份,其節能的重點在于優化生產方式。②北京、天津、吉林、上海、江蘇、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、廣東、重慶、四川等消費責任或消費加權責任相對于其他責任較大的省份,其節能政策重點在于優化消費模式并盡可能從能源效率更高的地區調入同類產品。③黑龍江、海南、山東、陜西、遼寧、河南等收入責任或收入加權責任相對其他責任較大的地區,應在積極優化生產方式的同時更多的向能源效率更高的地區調出產品。當然,無論那個區域的節能戰略都應包含生產、流通、消費等多個領域的措施,只不過它們的側重點不同而已。同時,我國還需要努力打破地方貿易壁壘,形成統一的國內市場,使各地區能通過公平競爭充分發揮自己的比較優勢,促進跨區域的產業結構優化。
關鍵詞 區域能耗責任;區域能源效率;利益原則;多區域投入產出模型
中圖分類號 F206 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)09-0075-09
區域能耗責任核算是公平、合理地制定各種跨區域能源政策(如節能政策)的重要基礎,也是協調區域發展并改善全國能源效率的重要手段。所謂能耗責任是指相互之間具有緊密聯系的各經濟主體應為其所構成的經濟系統的能耗承擔的相應責任。我國各個地區就是相互具有廣泛而緊密經濟關聯性的經濟主體。區域間的經濟關聯性不僅對各區域的經濟發展產生了深遠的影響,同時也會對各區域的資源消耗、污染排放產生巨大影響。顯然,區域能耗責任核算應當考慮這種由區域間經濟關聯性所帶來的跨區域能耗影響。
同時,區域間能耗責任核算還需要采用公平、合理的分配原則。許多學者和政策制定者認為,恰當的資源消耗或污染排放責任分配原則應是各經濟主體根據其所獲得的經濟利益及相關的資源、環境影響承擔相應的責任,我們不妨稱之為“利益原則”。從現有文獻來看,基本的利益原則有三種:生產責任原則、收入責任原則和消費責任原則。生產責任原則又稱領土原則[1],是指經濟主體應根據其生產過程中直接消耗的資源或排放的污染承擔責任。收入責任原則強調經濟主體要根據其在生產活動中獲得的收益及由此“激活”的下游資源、環境影響承擔責任[2- 3]。消費責任原則意味著經濟主體應根據其消費(或提供的最終消費品)及由此產生的上游資源、環境影響承擔責任[4]。我們不妨將上述利益原則對應的資源消耗或污染排放責任分別稱為生產責任、收入責任和消費責任。
除了基本的利益原則外,近年來還有一類利益原則引起了人們的廣泛關注,那就是共擔責任(shared responsibility)原則。這類原則可以看成上述三種基本原則的組合和拓展。目前已經被正式提出的共擔責任原則有四種:收入加權責任原則、消費加權責任原則、綜合利益責任原則及加權綜合利益責任原則[5]。類似地,我們不妨將這四種原則對應的環境責任分別稱為收入加權責任、消費加權責任、綜合責任和加權綜合責任。收入加權原則要求經濟主體(收入獲得者)及其產品或服務的購買者共同承擔其下游資源、環境責任;消費加權責任原則主張經濟主體(消費者或最終消費品提供者)及其上游供貨方共同承擔其上游資源、環境責任[6-8]。將經濟主體收入責任和消費責任的平均值作為其環境責任,這就是綜合利益原則[9]。類似地,如果經濟主體承擔的環境責任是其收入加權責任和消費加權責任的平均值,則我們稱此分配原則為加權綜合利益原則。
有不少學者[3-4,7]主張將收入責任原則和消費責任原則引入資源消耗或污染排放責任核算框架,以彌補基于生產責任原則的傳統核算體系的不足。特別是消費責任原則已被廣泛應用于分析貿易引起的區域間隱含能或隱含碳轉移問題[10]。在一些學者[6-7,9,11-12]的努力下,共擔責任原則也被成功的引入資源消耗或污染排放責任核算框架。張友國[13]還從產業層面對各種責任分配原則及核算框架進行了比較。不過,目前還沒有文獻將共擔責任原則引入區域間資源消耗或污染排放責任核算框架。
1 區域能耗責任核算框架
區域能耗責任核算框架的核心就是要準確刻畫跨區域的能耗影響,這可以通過兩種方法來實現:一是基于單區域投入產出模型的雙邊貿易含污量(emissions embodied in bilateral trade,EEBT)方法,另一種是多區域投入產出模型。由于只有多區域投入產出模型能夠刻畫區域間的資源和環境溢出反饋效應(spillover and feedback effects),因此我們將基于這種模型來討論跨區域的能耗責任核算問題。
為了訴述的方便,我們不妨假定一個封閉的經濟體系可劃分為k個區域,每個區域的經濟系統都是由n個行業構成的。從供給的角度即橫向看,一個地區的總產出可分為中間使用和最終使用兩大部分:其中,中間使用可分為本地區使用和國內其他地區使用兩部分;最終使用可分為兩大部分,即本地區使用和其他地區使用。從消費的角度即縱向來看,一個地區的總投入包括三個部分:來自本地區的中間投入、來自其他地區的中間投入以及增加值(初始投入)。同時我們把資源消費或污染排放作為一種外生的投入。各地區的最終消費則包括兩部分:本地區和國內其他地區生產的產品。
1.3 區域環境責任核算框架的拓展
以上給出了基本的基于利益原則的區域環境責任核算框架,其基本理論框架是MRIO模型,其應用也須采用MRIO表。然而在實際應用中,由于投入產出表的編制需要耗費大量的人力、物力和時間,所以我國每隔5年才能
編制一張基于統計調查的投入產出表,期間編制一張延長表。而且投入產出表公布的時點往往滯后于其所反映的經濟運行時點2-3年。MRIO表的編制更是如此。因此,基于本文的區域環境責任核算框架,我們只能比較客觀地對編制了MRIO表的年份進行實證分析。為了彌補這一缺陷,我們需要對基本的核算框架進行拓展,使我們能夠估計沒有MRIO表的年份中各區域的環境責任。為此,本文提出如下方法:
首先,假定各區域的各種經濟利益之間的比值在短期內具有穩定性。我們容易找到各區域每年的國內生產總值即收入,從而可以基于這一假定估計出各區域的其他經濟利益。
其次,假定各區域的各種能耗乘數之間的比值在短期內具有穩定性。我們容易找到各區域每年的能源消耗總量即生產能耗責任,于是可以根據上述兩個假設條件估計出各區域的其他能耗責任。
其三,無論按那種核算方法,各區域的能耗責任合計值都必須與全國總能耗值相等。據此,我們可以按同一比例對各區域除生產能耗責任之外的其他能耗責任進行修正。
上述方法具有簡潔性和可操作性,當然其假定條件也比較強。不過,考慮到我國經濟結構在短期內不可能發生大的變化,這些假定條件也不失其合理性。當然,我們也可以采用傳統的RAS方法來更新MRIO表,從而實現對本文基本方法的拓展,但這也需要大量的數據為支撐,而這些數據往往也不易獲取。
2 實證分析
我們用基本的核算框架估計了2007年的區域能耗乘數和能耗責任,并則采用拓展的方法初步估計了2008-2012年各區域的能耗乘數和能耗責任。實證分析所采用的中國2007年30省區市區域間投入產出表是由中國科學院地理科學與資源研究所與國家統計局核算司合作編制的,該表包括30個部門。為了與分部門的能源數據相匹配,本文將30個部門合并成27個部門。要說明的是,將各個區域從經濟體系外進口的中間投入品都計入其增加值,同時將各區域最終消費中的進口品剔除。同時,我們把各區域向經濟體系外出口的產品都作為該區域的經濟主體消費的產品,也就是說作為該區域的消費利益處理。我們把表中的“其他”項即誤差項作為一種特殊的最終使用處理,從而計算出其隱含能。2007年各區域工業分行業的能耗數據主要來源各區域統計年鑒,農業及第三產業的能源消費數據來自各省統計年鑒公布的《綜合能源平衡表》。
根據我國的統計慣例,分行業的能源消費總量是指各行業終端消費量與各行業分攤的損失量和加工轉換損失量之和,而不是各行業分品種能源消費量之和。我們不妨把前者稱為能源消費總量I,后者稱為能源消費總量II。為了統一統計口徑,本研究采用能源消費總量I展開研究。
2008-2012年各區域的國內生產總值來源于《中國統計年鑒2013》,各區域的能耗值來源于《中國能源統計年鑒2013》。
2.1 省際能源效率
表1顯示了不同原則下各區域2007年的能耗乘數,它們是各自區域內產業能耗乘數的加權平均值。2008-2012年各區域的能耗乘數與2007年的水平相比相差不大。由于無論按那種分配原則核算,傳統能源密集型產業的能源乘數總是較大,因此那些產業結構中能源密集型產業比重較大的省份在任何分配原則下也都具有較大的能源乘數。那些經濟、技術水平相對欠發達的中西部內陸省份,如寧夏、貴州、青海、山西和內蒙古就是能源密集型產業比重較大的省份。無論是這些省份的中間投入還是中間產出中,能源密集型產品的比重也都較大。反過來,那些經濟、技術水平較發達的沿海省份,如浙江、北京、廣東、上海、江蘇等,它們的產業結構中能源密集型產業比重較小,因而它們的各類能耗乘數也較小。
進一步的結果表明,不同區域的同一產業也具有顯著不同的能源效率。
這個結果固然有地區生產技術的差異,但也可能是各地同一產業的產品不完全一致所造成的。這是因為本文使用的部門分類比較粗,例如金屬冶煉及壓延業中的金屬至少可分成黑色金屬和有色金屬兩大類,這兩大類金屬還可進一步區分為不同的品種,如有色金屬可分為銅、鋁、鋅、錫等。因此,不同地區的同一產業所指代的實際產品可能有很大的不同,從而表現出明顯不同的能源效率。
以金屬冶煉及壓延業的直接能源強度為例,其值在浙江、江蘇、重慶、廣東等省份均低于0.5 tce/萬元,在內蒙古、貴州、寧夏則超過了2 tce/萬元,在黑龍江和青海更是超過了3 tce/萬元。又如非金屬礦物制品業的直接能源強度,其值在上海、河南、山東、河北及江蘇等地均為超過0.9 tce/萬元,在貴州、陜西、新疆、寧夏、云南等省份則達到3-5 tce/萬元。
總的來看,各區域基于產業關聯的各種能耗乘數幾乎都大于各自的直接能耗強度,只有內蒙古和貴州的消費加權能耗乘數效應它們的直接能耗強度。
各區域的收入加權、消費加權和加權綜合能耗乘數都分別小于各自的下游、上游和綜合能耗乘數。進一步,大多數沿海經濟發達省份(包括北京、天津、上海、江蘇、浙江、福建、廣東)以及個別非沿海省份(如江西、重慶、吉林、四川)的各種能耗乘數中,上游能耗乘數明顯大于其他能耗乘數。
2.2 省際能耗責任
表2顯示了各種分配原則下各區域2012年的能耗責任。生產責任較大(超過2.0億tce)的省份包括山東、河北、廣東、江蘇、河南、遼寧以及四川等。這主要是因為這幾個省份重化工業,特別是金屬冶煉及壓延加工業、非金屬礦物制品業以及電力、熱力的生產和供應業的生產規模(總產出)較大。海南、青海、寧夏、甘肅、北京以及江西由于生產規模較小,因而其直接生產耗能較少(小于7×107 tce),生產責任也較小。
與各地區收入責任相對應的是各地區的前向(下游)能耗影響。山東、河北、遼寧、河南的增加值和調整后的增加值總量也較大,加之其下游和收入加權能耗乘數也相對較高,故而這幾個省份的收入責任和收入加權責任都較大。江蘇和廣東的下游和收入調整能耗乘數都較小,但它們的增加值和調整后的增加值總量較大,因而其收入責任和收入加權責任也較大。山西和內蒙古的增加值和調整后的增加值總量不算大,但其下游和收入加權能耗乘數較高,因而其收入責任和收入加權責任也較大。而青海、寧夏和甘肅等由于等省(區)的下游和收入加權乘數都較大,但它們的增加值和調整后的增加值總量都較小,因而收入責任和收入加權責任也較小。海南、江西和北京的增加值和調整后的增加值總量以及相應的下游和收入加權能耗乘數都較低,因而其收入責任和收入加權責任也都較小。
廣東、江蘇、浙江、上海等省(市)的上游和消費加權能耗乘數都相對較低,但它們的消費和調整后的消費總量都位居全國前列,因而這些省(市)的消費責任和消費加權責任位居全國前列。山東、四川、遼寧和河北的消費和調整后的消費總量也較大,同時它們的上游和消費加權能耗乘數都高于平均值,因而它們的消費責任和消費加權責任也較大。同樣,盡管青海、寧夏、甘肅、貴州等省(區)的上游和消費加權乘數都較大,但它們的消費和調整后的消費總量都較小,因而它們的消費責任和消費加權責任也都較小。而海南的消費和調整后的消費總量以及相應的上游和消費加權能耗乘數都較低,因而其消費責任和消費加權責任也都較小。
此外,海南、青海、寧夏、甘肅、貴州、江西、廣西以及云南的消費(加權)責任和收入(加權)責任都相對較小,因而它們的(加權)綜合責任也較小。山東、廣東、江蘇、浙江、河北、遼寧和河南的消費責任和收入責任都較大,因而它們的綜合責任也較大。
2.3 各省(區、市)不同核算原則下的能耗責任差異
不同核算原則下,各省份能耗責任的合計值總是等于
全國的生產總能耗。這意味著各種跨區域的環境責任分配方法同樣能避免能耗影響的重復計算。同時各省(區、市)在不同核算方法下的能耗責任存在顯著差異。下面,我們將比較各省(區、市)在不同核算原則下的能耗責任。
一個地區的各種能耗責任中,唯一不考慮跨區域間接能耗影響的是其生產責任,即對其直接能耗的核算。該地區的其他責任相當于是在對全國各地區的生產責任進行再分配的基礎上形成的。雖然各地區考慮了產業關聯的能耗乘數一般都要大于其直接能耗強度,但考慮了產業關聯的經濟利益一般都會小于其總產出,因而一個地區的生產責任可能大于、等于也可能小于該地區的其他責任。其中,河北、湖北、湖南、廣西、貴州、云南、甘肅、青海以及寧夏等九個地區的生產責任大于所有其他責任,而北京、天津、上海、黑龍江以及廣東等五個地區的生產責任要明顯小于所有其他責任。
大部分省份的收入責任與生產責任差異顯著,其相對差距介于±15%之間;收入加權責任與生產責任差異也顯著,其相對差距介于±13%之間。消費責任與生產責任之間的相對差距進一步擴大。例如,天津、廣東、北京、上海及浙江等幾個沿海經濟發達省(市)的消費責任比各自的生產責任高47%-89%;山西、貴州、河北和內蒙古等重化工較發達省份的消費責任比各自的生產責任低33%-52%。消費加權責任與生產責任之間的相對差距也十分明顯。例如,浙江、北京、上海、安徽及天津等省(市)的消費加權比各自的生產責任高44%-131%;河南、河北和內蒙古的消費加權責任比各自的生產責任低30%-70%。
大部分省份的收入責任與收入加權責任之間的相對差距則較小:后者與前者的差距介于±5%之間;消費責任與消費加權責任之間的相對差距則較大:例如新疆、天津和安徽的消費加權責任比各自的消費責任高35%-69%。綜合責任是收入責任和消費責任的平均值,而加權綜合責任是收入加權責任和消費加權責任的平均值,因此綜合責任與加權綜合責任的相對差距總體上大于收入責任與收入加權責任之間的相對差距,但小于消費責任與消費加權責任之間的相對差距:除天津(32%)和安徽(33%)外,其余省份的綜合責任與加權綜合責任的相對差距介于±15%之間。
各省(區、市)的收入責任與消費責任之間的相對差距十分明顯:河北、山西以及內蒙古的消費責任比各自的收入責任低33%-55%;河南、山西、貴州、新疆、黑龍江及遼寧的消費責任比各自的收入責任低20%-30%;浙江和上海的消費責任分別比各自的收入責任高98%和55%;江蘇、天津、福建、江西、北京、廣東和重慶的消費責任比各自的收入責任高20%-48%;余下省份的消費責任與收入責任的相對差距介于-15%-14%之間。
各省(區、市)的收入加權責任與消費加權責任之間的相對差距也十分明顯:山西、河南、河北以及內蒙古的消費加權責任比各自的收入加權責任低23%-70%;天津和安徽的消費加權責任分別比各自的收入加權責任高105%和61%;福建、吉林、北京、上海、江西、重慶和浙江的消費責任比各自的收入責任高20%-47%;余下省份的消費責任與收入責任的相對差距介于-13%-17%之間。
3 結論與建議
地區的能源效率在很大程度上取決于該地區的產業結構。不管采用哪種能耗責任核算原則,那些傳統能源密集型產業比重較大的一些中西部省份(如寧夏、貴州、青海、山西和內蒙古)總是具有較低的能源效率,而能源密集型產業比較小的一些沿海省份(如浙江、北京、廣東、上海、江蘇等)總是具有較高的能源效率。同時,同一產業在不同省份的能源效率具有較大的差異性。
地區的能耗責任主要決定于該地區的經濟規模,例如無論按那種方法進行核算,山東、江蘇、廣東等經濟規模較大的省份都是能耗責任較大的省份,而寧夏、青海、海南等經濟規模較小的省份則總是能耗責任較小的省份。當然,地區能源效率也對地區能耗責任產生了一定的影響。例如,在不少核算原則下,河北、河南的經濟規模不如上海,但這兩個省的能源效率低于上海,因而它們的能耗責任都大于上海。
各地區在不同核算原則下的能源效率和能耗責任存在顯著差異,這意味著核算原則對各地區的能耗責任有顯著影響。更重要的是,不同的核算原則實際上有著不同的政策含義。結合不同核算原則的政策含義和實證分析的結果,本文特提出如下政策建議:
首先,寧夏、貴州、青海、山西、內蒙古、新疆、甘肅和云南等能源密集型產業比重較大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、廣西等生產責任大于其他責任的省份,其節能的重點在于優化生產方式,特別是加快金屬冶煉及壓延加工業、非金屬礦物制品業以及電力、熱力的生產和供應業等重化工行業的技術進步、設備更新和這些行業落后產能的淘汰工作,從而有效提高這些地區各部門及整個地區的能源效率,并降低生產環節的能源消耗。由于這些地區多為中西部經濟發展較為落后地區,且為我國經濟發展提供了大量必不可少的資源型產品,中央政府應適當對其節能技術改造予以補貼,對其產業結構調整予以扶持。
其次,對于北京、天津、吉林、上海、江蘇、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、廣東、重慶、四川等消費責任及消費加權責任相對于其他責任較大的省份而言,這些地區一方面應通過稅收、補貼及信貸等經濟手段約束當地對能源密集型產品的需求并鼓勵清潔型產品需求,從而優化其需求模式并避免浪費。另一方面,這些地區從其他地區調入產品時,應盡可能從能源效率更高的地區調入同類產品,從而激勵產品調出地區的企業改善能源效率。同時,消費責任及消費加權責任較大的省份多為沿海發達地區,具有較好的經濟和技術基礎,這些地區應通過技術轉移、資金補償、人才培養等對口援助方式,幫助能源效率較低的中西部地區加快技術進步,從而間接減小自身的消費能耗責任。
其三,對于黑龍江、海南、山東、陜西、遼寧、河南等收入責任和收入加權責任相對其他責任較大的地區,一方面也應積極優化生產方式,從而提高其生產環節的能源效率并減少相應的能耗。另一方面,這些地區向其他地區調出產品時,應考慮采取價格優惠等政策以更多的向能源效率更高的地區調出產品,從而提高其下游能源效率,降低其收入責任和收入加權責任。同時,這也有利于調動其產品調入地區改善能源效率的積極性。
當然,上述粗略分類只是為了明確不同地區的重點節能政策,但這并不意味著各地區只采取哪些對本地區來說相對重要政策而不采取其他政策。換句話說,無論哪個地區都要重視從生產、流通、消費等多個途徑實施節能戰略,只不過側重點不同而已。特別是山東、江蘇、廣東等幾個省份更是要采取多管齊下的節能戰略和政策,因為無論按那種原則核算,這幾個省份的能耗責任都是最大的。
同時,考慮到同類產業的區域能源效率差異,我國需要努力打破地方保護壁壘,形成公平競爭的國內統一市場,使各地區能充分發揮自己的比較優勢,從而起到跨區域的產業優化作用。同時,也可采用信貸、投資、行政審批等手段鼓勵在某些產業上具有能效比較優勢的地區進一步發揮其優勢。
最后要提及的是,理論上來看加權綜合責任指標考慮的因素最全面、最能調動各類經濟主體的節能積極性,但在具體實施過程中也存在不易核算的困難。其他責任指標的核算相對容易且可操作性更強,但它們往往只針對部分經濟主體,因而難免有失偏頗。因此,中央政府相關部門在制定相應的節能政策(如分配節能指標)時應慎重選取能耗責任核算原則,并保證地區節能任務與其能耗責任相匹配。當然,這些問題的解決還有待學術界和政策制定者的進一步探討以及全社會的共同努力。
(編輯:王愛萍)
參考文獻(References)
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Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.
Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model
[7]Lenzen M, Murray J, Sacb F, et al. Shared Producer and Consumer Responsibility:Theory and Practice [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(1): 27-42.
[8]Lenzen M. Consumer and Producer Environmental Responsibility: A Reply [J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 66 (2-3): 19-24.
[9]Rodrigues J, Domingos T, Giljum S, et al. Designing an Indicator of Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, 59(3): 256-266.
[10]Andrew R, Forgie V. A Threeperspective View of Greenhouse Gas Emission Responsibilities in New Zealand[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 68(1-2): 194-204.
[11]Ferng J J. Allocating the Responsibility of CO2 Overemissions from the Perspectives of Benefit Principle and Ecological Deficit[J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 46 (1): 691-701.
[12]Bastianoni S, Federico M, Enzo T. The Problem of Assigning Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49 (3): 253-257.
[13]張友國.基于經濟利益的產業間環境責任分配[J].中國工業經濟,2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]
Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.
Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model
[7]Lenzen M, Murray J, Sacb F, et al. Shared Producer and Consumer Responsibility:Theory and Practice [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(1): 27-42.
[8]Lenzen M. Consumer and Producer Environmental Responsibility: A Reply [J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 66 (2-3): 19-24.
[9]Rodrigues J, Domingos T, Giljum S, et al. Designing an Indicator of Environmental Responsibility[J]. Ecological Economics, 2006, 59(3): 256-266.
[10]Andrew R, Forgie V. A Threeperspective View of Greenhouse Gas Emission Responsibilities in New Zealand[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 68(1-2): 194-204.
[11]Ferng J J. Allocating the Responsibility of CO2 Overemissions from the Perspectives of Benefit Principle and Ecological Deficit[J]. Ecological Economics, 2003, 46 (1): 691-701.
[12]Bastianoni S, Federico M, Enzo T. The Problem of Assigning Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions[J]. Ecological Economics, 2004, 49 (3): 253-257.
[13]張友國.基于經濟利益的產業間環境責任分配[J].中國工業經濟,2012,(7): 57-69。[Zhang Youguo. Benefit based Interindustrial Environmental Responsibility Allocation[J].China Industrial Economics, 2012,(7): 57-69.]
Abstract There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient interregional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multiregional inputoutput (MRIO) model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces (such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces (such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu) are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes (such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong) are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes (such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai) are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.
Key words regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multiregional input-output model