文孟棠 劉媛 閆帥 張霄 王恒 劉賢金
摘要制備了抗擬除蟲菊酯類農藥(Pyrethroids)的廣譜性單克隆抗體,并鑒定其免疫學特性;以間苯氧基苯甲酸(PBA)為半抗原,用活性酯法將其與牛血清蛋白(BSA)偶聯制得人工抗原PBABSA免疫Balb/c小鼠,5次免疫后選擇效價最高、對PBA識別能力最強的小鼠取脾細胞與SP2/0骨髓瘤細胞在PEG1500作用下融合,經間接ELISA篩選及有限稀釋法進行亞克隆,分離陽性細胞株,腹水誘導法大量制備單克隆抗體,并用Protein G親和柱純化,間接ELISA法測定抗體效價、亞型、親和力常數及對擬除蟲菊酯類農藥的作用;UV結果顯示,PBABSA成功偶聯,獲得1株穩定分泌抗擬除蟲菊酯類農藥單克隆抗體的雜交瘤細胞株4H11,其培養腹水抗體效價為1∶6.5×106,其抗體亞類為IgG1,對PBA的親和力常數為2.5×10 L/mol,對PBA的IC50為208.9 μg/L,檢出限為21 μg/L,對高效氯氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯的IC50分別為1.01, 2.15, 3.16和3.67 μg/L。
[KH*3/4D][HTH]關鍵詞擬除蟲菊酯類農藥;廣譜特異性;單克隆抗體;酶聯免疫吸附法
[HK][FQ(32,X,DY-W][CD15]20140123收稿;20140512接受
本文系國家自然科學基金(No.31201535)、江蘇省社會發展項目(No.BE2012750)、江蘇省農業自主創新基金(No.CX(12)5042)、948項目(No.2011Z46)資助
* Email:jaasliu@jaas.ac.cn
1引言
擬除蟲菊酯(Pyrethroids)是一類殺蟲譜廣、高效、低毒、殘留少的合成殺蟲劑,被廣泛應用于農業領域中的害蟲防治。但其殘留期較長,對某些非靶標生物毒性很高;通過食物鏈進入到機體后對哺乳動物的生殖、免疫和心血管有毒副作用 \[1,2\],聯合國糧農組織(FAO)和世界衛生組織(WHO)已對它們在蔬菜和水果等上的殘留做了嚴格限量\[3\],我國也對不同擬除蟲菊酯類農藥做了相應的最大殘留限量\[4\]。目前,定量測定擬除蟲菊酯的方法主要為氣相色譜法、高效液相色譜法及氣相色譜質譜聯用\[5\],但其檢測儀器昂貴,技術要求高,且樣品需經過復雜的前處理,不能滿足我國農產品質量監控工作中大量樣品快速初篩的要求\[6\]。目前,已有針對擬除蟲菊酯類廣譜性農藥抗體的報告,但多采用多克隆抗體制備技術。 Bonwick等\[7\] 將PBA和氯苯氧乙酸(CPA)分別與載體蛋白偶聯合成免疫原,制得的多克隆抗體對PBA抑制中濃度(IC50)為100 mg/L,檢出限為10 mg/L; 文獻\[8,9\]分別對I和Ⅱ型擬除蟲菊酯類農藥進行了ELISA免疫分析,得到了不同類型菊酯類農藥的檢出限;駱愛蘭等\[10\]以PBA為半抗原,制備出擬除蟲菊酯類農藥的廣譜性多克隆抗體,能識別氯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯,其IC50約4 mg/L。
相對而言,單抗純度高、專一性強、重復性好、能持續地大量生產,克服了多克隆抗體的非均一性和數量有限性。針對單種擬除蟲菊酯類農藥的單克隆抗體已有報告,如Kong等\[11\]研制出特異性針對溴氰菊酯的單克隆抗體,其IC50達17 μg/L;Chen等制備出一個高靈敏度的擬除蟲菊酯類農藥廣譜性單克隆抗體,IC50在1.7~298.5 μg/L范圍內\[12\],但其半抗原需重新合成復雜結構;徐敦明等\[13\]以商品化的PBA為半抗原(不需任何化學修飾)制備擬除蟲菊酯類農藥的單克隆抗體,對溴氰菊酯、甲體氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯均有特異性識別,IC50分別為0.79,0.74,0.63和0.8 mg/L。現雖有以PBA為半抗原直接制備的單克隆抗體,但是本研究所制備的單克隆抗體識別的擬除蟲菊酯類農藥的種類與之前文獻報道不同,能識別高效氯氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯,為多種擬除蟲菊酯類農藥的快速檢測方法奠定了基礎。
2實驗部分
2.1儀器與試劑
Multiscan ascent酶標儀(Thermo),酶標板(Corning,96孔),細胞培養板(Corning),恒溫培養箱(Napco);倒置顯微鏡(Olympus)。
高效氯氰菊酯標準品、甲氰菊酯標準品、氟氰戊菊酯標準品、氰戊菊酯標準品、氯氰菊酯標準品、氯菊酯標準品、溴氰菊酯標準品、三氟氯氰菊酯標準品(農業部農藥檢定所提供);RPMI1640培養液、HAT選擇培養液,HT選擇培養液(Gibco產品);8氮雜鳥嘌呤、50%PEG1500、弗氏完全佐劑(FCA)和弗氏不完全佐劑(FIA)、小鼠單克隆抗體分型試劑、卵清蛋白(OVA)、牛血清蛋白(BSA)、間苯氧基苯甲酸(PBA),均購于Sigma公司;辣根過氧化物酶標記羊抗鼠IgG(武漢博士德公司); 其它試劑均為國產分析純。
實驗動物:Balb/c雌性小鼠(購于揚州大學比較醫學中心)。
2.2實驗方法
2.2.1人工抗原的合成和鑒定以PBA為半抗原,參照文獻分別用活性酯法\[14\]和混合酸酐法\[15\]將其分別與BSA和OVA偶聯合成免疫抗原和包被抗原,用紫外分光光度計掃描鑒定。
2.2.2動物免疫及小鼠血清效價的測定將PBABSA與佐劑等體積混合乳化,對6~8周齡的Balb/c雌性小鼠進行腹腔注射免疫,免疫劑量為100 μg/只。首免用弗氏完全佐劑,之后每2周用弗式不完全佐劑加強免疫。融合前3天進行沖擊免疫,免疫劑量為200 μg/只。
采用間接ELISA法測血清效價:PBAOVA包被,包被濃度2 mg/L,包被量100 μL/孔,4 ℃過夜包被,PBST 洗板3 次(下同);用1% OVA封閉,200 μL/孔,37 ℃溫育1 h,洗板;加小鼠血清,100 μL/孔,用PBS倍比稀釋,設陰性對照(NC)和空白對照(BC), 37 ℃溫育1 h,洗板;加GaMIgGHRP,100 μL/孔,37 ℃溫育1 h,洗板;加酶底物TMB 顯色液100 μL/孔,顯色15 min;每孔加50 μL 2 mol/L H2SO4終止反應,用酶標儀讀OD450 nm值;結果判斷: 待測孔OD450 nm值≥NC OD450 nm 值的2.1 倍(P/N≥2.1),判為陽性。
用間接競爭 ELISA法測定單克隆抗體對不同濃度PBA的靈敏度:將上述測定效價的間接ELISA法步驟中加血清一步改為加50 μL抗體和50 μL不同濃度的PBA標準品溶液,其余各步相同。結果判斷:讀數與PBA濃度呈明顯負相關者即表示小鼠產生了特異性針對PBA的抗體。
2.2.3雜交瘤細胞株的建立(1)細胞融合按常規操作方法進行細胞融合。融合后的細胞在
37 ℃、 5% CO2恒溫培養箱中選擇培養。第1~7天用HAT培養基,第7~14天換用HT培養基,14天后換用完全1640培養基, 觀察雜交瘤細胞的生長狀況。(2)陽性雜交瘤細胞的篩選及亞克隆融合7~10天后,對雜交瘤細胞的上清液用間接ELISA進行檢測。以融合前小鼠血清為陽性對照,飼養細胞的培養上清液為陰性對照。選擇OD450 nm值高、對PBA特異性抑制率最高的陽性雜交瘤細胞孔用有限稀釋法\[16\]進行亞克隆。(3)單克隆抗體的大量制備及純化采用體內誘生腹水法制備單克隆抗體\[17\],將收集的腹水離心除去細胞和其它沉淀物,收集上清液,
Symbolm@@ 70 ℃凍存備用。
采用親和層析柱的方法純化腹水抗體(用飽和硫酸銨沉淀法作為對比),用十二烷基硫酸鈉聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDSPAGE電泳)鑒定純化效果。
2.2.4單克隆抗體免疫學特性的鑒定采用間接 ELISA 法測定單克隆抗體效價。采用間接競爭 ELISA法測定單克隆抗體對PBA的靈敏度。以PBA標準品濃度的對數為橫坐標,以抑制百分率為縱坐標作圖。
3結果與討論
3.1免疫抗原和包被抗原的紫外鑒定
能否將小分子半抗原和蛋白成功偶聯是制備單克隆抗體的關鍵,直接關系到動物免疫后能否產生針對目標物的高質量抗體\[19\]。結果表明,與BSA、PBA相比, PBABSA的吸收曲線發生明顯改變,在 PBA的最大吸收峰處296 nm的吸光值明顯增加,最高吸收峰有一定偏移,推測免疫抗原PBABSA偶聯成功;同樣PBAOVA也成功偶聯(圖 1)。經計算得其偶聯比分別為25∶1和12∶1。
3.4單克隆抗體免疫學特性的鑒定
3.4.1單克隆抗體純度的鑒定由SDSPAGE電泳結果(圖4)可知,飽和硫酸銨沉淀法得到的抗體純度不高; Protein G親和純化后得到的抗體重、輕鏈分子量約為55和23 kDa, 與預期大小一致,說明抗體純化效果較好。
3.4.2單克隆抗體效價和靈敏度的測定將純化后的4H11對PBA進行競爭抑制ELISA實驗,得到其線性回歸方程I=41.214lgC+78.08, R2=0.994;計算IC50為208.9μg/L。表明純化后的單抗4H11效價與靈敏度均有增加(表1和圖5)。
3.4.3單克隆抗體亞型的鑒定通過小鼠單克隆抗體分型試劑盒測得4H11陽性雜交瘤細胞株誘生腹水產生的抗體為lgG1型。
3.5單克隆抗體對不同擬除蟲菊酯類農藥敏感性測定
由表2可見,4H11單克隆抗體對高效氯氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的靈敏度相對較高,對甲氰菊酯標準品的識別度相對減弱,對三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的靈敏度較低在10 mg/L的標準品濃度能到達30%的抑制率,不能識別氯菊酯。
由結構式可見,PBA含有擬除蟲菊酯類農藥的一個共性結構基團:苯醚基團,以此結構作為半抗原制備的抗體不僅可以特異性識別PBA,而且可以含有此基團的多種擬除蟲菊酯類農藥。但是抗體對被測物的化學結構極為敏感,其結構上的微小變化都可引起抗體對其的識別度的極大變化\[20\]。同時,此抗體可高靈敏識別高效氯氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯屬Ⅱ型菊酯,對屬于Ⅰ型菊酯的氯菊酯不能識別,說明氰基對于抗體識別具有很大影響,這文獻\[21\]一致;另外,鍵和電子云也可影響抗原抗體的結合緊密度\[22\]。但抗體對同是Ⅱ型菊酯且包含一個氰基的溴氰菊酯的識別靈敏度很低,溴原子可能是抑制基團,說明不同的基團對于抗體結合的影響程度不同\[7\],具體原因還有待進一步研究。同時,ELISA條件還有改進之處,靈敏度仍然有提升空間。
4結論
本研究成功合成了 PBABSA人工免疫抗原,通過細胞融合技術獲得1 株高親和力的雜交瘤細胞株4H11,經多次傳代、凍存與復蘇,雜交瘤分泌抗體穩定。本研究獲得的4H11腹水型單克隆抗體具有效價高、敏感性和廣譜性強的特點,能同時靈敏地識別高效氯氰菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯,對甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和三氟氯氰也有一定的識別作用,相對于同樣以PBA為半抗原制備擬除蟲菊酯類農藥多抗,對PBA的IC50從3.86 mg/L提升到0.21 mg/L,且對擬除蟲菊酯農藥的靈敏度也有增強。本方法適用于擬除蟲菊酯類農藥殘留現場快速檢測。
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AbstractThe objective of this study is to generate broad spectrum monoclonal antibody(mAb) against a group of pyrethroid insecticides and to identify its immunological characteristics. The generic hapten 3phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) was conjugated to carrier protein BSA by activated ester method. Balb/c mice were immunized with PBABSA. The titer of polyclonal antibody (pAb) was detected by indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after five times immunization. The mouse with high titer and sensitivity was selected for cell fusing. The splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 cells and the cultural supernatants of hybridoma cells were screened by indirect noncompetitive ELISA based on the coating antigen PBAovoalbumin (PBAOVA). Highsensitivity and highspecificity mAb was prepared after subcloning using limiting dilution method. Purified mAb was obtained after purified by saturated ammonia sulfate precipitation and protein G affinity column. The immunological characteristics of mAb such as titer, antibody subtypes, affinity constant and the sensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides were characterized by indirect ELISA; The results of UV spectroscopy and SDSPAGE showed that PBABSA artificial antigen was synthesized successfully. A hybridoma cell line (4H11) secreting anti pyrethroid mAb was established. The titre of ascites was up to 1: 6.5×106, and the mAb was IgG1 subtype. The affinity constant of the mAb to PBA was about 2.5×107 L/mol, with a IC50 value of 208.83 μg/L and a detection limit of 21.23 μg/L to PBA. Simultaneously, betacypermethrin, flucythrinate, cypermethrin and fenvalerate were sensitively recognized by the mAb with the IC50 of 1.01, 2.15, 3.16 and 3.67μg/L, respectively.
KeywordsPyrethroid pesticides; Broad specificity; Monoclonal antibody; Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay
22Nathalie D B, Pichon V, Hennion M C. J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 999(1): 3-15
AbstractThe objective of this study is to generate broad spectrum monoclonal antibody(mAb) against a group of pyrethroid insecticides and to identify its immunological characteristics. The generic hapten 3phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) was conjugated to carrier protein BSA by activated ester method. Balb/c mice were immunized with PBABSA. The titer of polyclonal antibody (pAb) was detected by indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after five times immunization. The mouse with high titer and sensitivity was selected for cell fusing. The splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 cells and the cultural supernatants of hybridoma cells were screened by indirect noncompetitive ELISA based on the coating antigen PBAovoalbumin (PBAOVA). Highsensitivity and highspecificity mAb was prepared after subcloning using limiting dilution method. Purified mAb was obtained after purified by saturated ammonia sulfate precipitation and protein G affinity column. The immunological characteristics of mAb such as titer, antibody subtypes, affinity constant and the sensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides were characterized by indirect ELISA; The results of UV spectroscopy and SDSPAGE showed that PBABSA artificial antigen was synthesized successfully. A hybridoma cell line (4H11) secreting anti pyrethroid mAb was established. The titre of ascites was up to 1: 6.5×106, and the mAb was IgG1 subtype. The affinity constant of the mAb to PBA was about 2.5×107 L/mol, with a IC50 value of 208.83 μg/L and a detection limit of 21.23 μg/L to PBA. Simultaneously, betacypermethrin, flucythrinate, cypermethrin and fenvalerate were sensitively recognized by the mAb with the IC50 of 1.01, 2.15, 3.16 and 3.67μg/L, respectively.
KeywordsPyrethroid pesticides; Broad specificity; Monoclonal antibody; Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay
22Nathalie D B, Pichon V, Hennion M C. J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 999(1): 3-15
AbstractThe objective of this study is to generate broad spectrum monoclonal antibody(mAb) against a group of pyrethroid insecticides and to identify its immunological characteristics. The generic hapten 3phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) was conjugated to carrier protein BSA by activated ester method. Balb/c mice were immunized with PBABSA. The titer of polyclonal antibody (pAb) was detected by indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after five times immunization. The mouse with high titer and sensitivity was selected for cell fusing. The splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with Sp2/0 cells and the cultural supernatants of hybridoma cells were screened by indirect noncompetitive ELISA based on the coating antigen PBAovoalbumin (PBAOVA). Highsensitivity and highspecificity mAb was prepared after subcloning using limiting dilution method. Purified mAb was obtained after purified by saturated ammonia sulfate precipitation and protein G affinity column. The immunological characteristics of mAb such as titer, antibody subtypes, affinity constant and the sensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides were characterized by indirect ELISA; The results of UV spectroscopy and SDSPAGE showed that PBABSA artificial antigen was synthesized successfully. A hybridoma cell line (4H11) secreting anti pyrethroid mAb was established. The titre of ascites was up to 1: 6.5×106, and the mAb was IgG1 subtype. The affinity constant of the mAb to PBA was about 2.5×107 L/mol, with a IC50 value of 208.83 μg/L and a detection limit of 21.23 μg/L to PBA. Simultaneously, betacypermethrin, flucythrinate, cypermethrin and fenvalerate were sensitively recognized by the mAb with the IC50 of 1.01, 2.15, 3.16 and 3.67μg/L, respectively.
KeywordsPyrethroid pesticides; Broad specificity; Monoclonal antibody; Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay