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污染土壤中主要石油降解基因AlkB和Nah定量檢測方法的建立和應用

2014-09-26 21:26:11劉慶龍唐景春萬曉彤
分析化學 2014年9期
關鍵詞:污染

劉慶龍 唐景春 萬曉彤

摘要[SS]建立了SYBR Green I實時熒光定量聚合酶鏈式反應(Real imeqPCR)檢測油田污染土壤中烷烴降解基因AlkB和萘降解基因Nah的方法。比對相關降解石油菌株的GenBank序列,設計合成針對烷烴和萘降解基因擴增引物AlkBf/AlkBr和Nahf/Nahr。將純化的常規PCR膠回收產物與pEASY1載體連接,轉化到感受態細胞培養。提取并梯度稀釋陽性克隆質粒,構建Real imeqPCR標準測定曲線。25 μL擴增體系最佳反應條件: 前后引物終濃度為0.2 μmol/L,12.5 μL 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix,AlkB和Nah基因最適退火溫度分別為50 ℃和57 ℃。Real imeqPCR技術顯示出很高的靈敏性和重復性,比傳統PCR技術靈敏度高100倍。對采集于某油田3個功能區的1土壤樣品中AlkB定量檢測顯示,石油污染嚴重的采油區含有最高的AlkB拷貝數,污染較輕的生活區AlkB拷貝數最少;Nah基因分布均勻。

關鍵詞[SS]石油烴降解基因; 熒光; 聚合酶鏈式反應; SYBR Green I; 烷烴降解基因; 萘降解基因

1引言

石油污染是世界性公害之一,全世界每年排入到環境中的石油污染物約為8×106 t。我國每年約有6×105 t原油匯入環境,造成3.3×106 hm2的土壤面積受到石油污染\[1,2\]。石油污染物主要為烷烴和芳香烴,具有很強的生物毒性和環境破壞性\[3~5\]。烷烴單加氧酶和芳香烴末端雙加氧酶分別由烷烴和芳香烴降解基因編碼,是微生物代謝石油組分的主要酶系。運用分子生物技術實時定量聚合酶鏈反應(Real imeqPCR)對石油降解基因的定量分析可以反映微生物修復石油污染土壤的潛力\[6,7\]。

目前,運用熒光探針和熒光引物的定量PCR檢測石油降解基因技術雖然特異性高,但操作復雜、成本高。Real imeqPCR技術利用熒光信號積累對未知模板進行定量分析,具有高效率、高通量、高敏感性、易操作等優點,在治理油田污染土壤中具有重要應用價值[8~10]。

針對石油組分復雜性,本研究采用SYBR Green I熒光染料Real imeqPCR技術,建立一種對油田污染土壤中烷烴降解基因AlkB及萘降解基因Nah的綜合檢測,確定最佳的引物和SYBR Green I濃度反應體系及最適的PCR升溫程序。同時,對建立的Real imeqPCR技術的靈敏性和重復性進行檢驗,并應用于某油田土壤中烷烴和萘降解基因的定量測定,對在環境中追蹤石油污染物及評價生物降解潛力具有重要意義。

2實驗部分

2.1儀器與試劑

CX96實時熒光定量 PCR 儀(美國 BioRad公司);C5000梯度型 PCR 儀(英國echne公司);Genova微量核酸蛋白質分析儀(英國Jenway公司)。

土壤細菌基因組DNA提取試劑盒(美國Zymo Research公司);離心柱型質粒小提試劑盒(美國Omega公司);凝膠回收試劑盒(美國Axygen公司);熒光定量PCR試劑盒、pEASY1 克隆試劑盒、rans1感受態細胞(北京全式金生物技術有限公司)。

2.2實驗方法

2.2.1土壤樣品的采集土壤樣品采集于某油田采油區(S1~S5)、生活區(S6~S9)、石油加工運輸區(S10~S1) 1個代表性的點位。采用無菌鏟采集0~20 cm耕層土樣,裝到盛有冰袋的采樣

2.2.2引物的設計和合成應用Primer express 軟件,分別設計擴增降解烷烴和芳香烴土壤微生物基因保守區的引物AlkBf/AlkBr和Nahf/Nahr。引物序列、擴增產物片段長度、理論PCR退火溫度見表1。2.3DNA的提取及降解基因陽性模板制備

土壤微生物總DNA的提取按試劑盒操作,1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測。AlkB和Nah特異性PCR,升溫程序為:9 ℃預變性 min;9 ℃ 變性20 s,退火溫度為表1中各引物的理論PCR退火溫度,保持30 s,72 ℃保持2 min,設35個循環;72 ℃延伸7 min。擴增產物的特異性經1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測。目的基因經膠回收試劑盒回收,克隆于pEASY1載體,轉化到rans1感受態細胞。經藍白斑篩選的白色菌落,搖菌培養,提取質粒進行酶切和M13/M13R引物測序。

2.實時熒光定量PCR技術對降解石油烴基因測定

2..1反應條件優化

用微量核酸蛋白質分析儀測定質粒DNA拷貝數和純度\[13\]。將已知濃度的質粒依次進行9次10倍梯度稀釋,作為定量PCR的陽性模板。

為得到最佳引物和熒光染料濃度及引物退火溫度,在25 μL反應體系中分別設計3個引物終濃度0.08、0.2和0. μmol/L,10、12.5和15 μL的2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix,AlkBf/AlkBr引物退火溫度設兩組對照分別為7和50 ℃,Nahf/Nahr引物退火溫度分別設為55和57 ℃,加1 μL梯度稀釋的重組質粒模板,0.5 μL Passive Reference Dye,dd2O補足到25 μL,同時設立無DNA陰性控制。反應條件為:9 ℃預變性30 s;9 ℃ 變性5 s, 引物退火保持15 s,72 ℃延伸10 s,共設0個循環。每一循環延伸后讀取熒光信號,設定熔解曲線程序。

3結果與討論

3.1AlkB和Nah降解基因特異性擴增

AlkB和Nah降解基因的PCR產物凝膠電泳圖(圖1)顯示出很高的特異性,說明設計的引物和反應條件適合AlkB和Nah降解基因的定量檢測。

3.2反應體系的優化

引物終濃度為0.08和0. μmol/L時, AlkB基因熔解曲線如圖2所示, 縱坐標為熒光強度對溫度的負導數。在7 ℃時均出現引物二聚體的干擾,說明濃度過高[S(]圖2不同引物濃度熔解曲線引物終濃度設為0.2 μmol/L,當引物AlkBf/AlkBr退火溫度設定為7 ℃時,如圖3a,出現多條熔解雜峰,產生假陽性產物;當退火溫度設為50 ℃時熔解峰單一,如圖3b,顯示出很高的特異性,說明50 ℃為AlkB降解基因擴增最佳的退火溫度。AlkB降解基因的熔解溫度M由83 ℃變為8 ℃,

這與模板濃度的梯度增加有關。從Nah降解基因的熔解峰上(圖3c)可以得出引物Nahf/Nahr的最佳退火溫度為57℃,沒有引物二聚體的產生,特異性最高。

經過多次重復實驗,加入12.5 μL 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix時,循環閾值(Ct)最低、本底反應最小。相應體系中最佳引物終濃度為0.2 μmol/L, 引物AlkBf/AlkBr和Nahf/Nahr最佳退火溫度分別為50 ℃和57 ℃。

[S(]圖3(a)引物AlkBf/AlkBr退火溫度為7 ℃的熔解曲線;(b)引物AlkBf/AlkBr退火溫度為50 ℃的熔解曲線;(c)引物Nahf/Nahr退火溫度為57 ℃時的熔解曲線

3.5靈敏性檢驗

SYBR Green I熒光定量PCR檢測到的最低AlkB和Nah基因模板質粒拷貝數分別為1.8和3.59拷貝/μL。將上述梯度稀釋的AlkB和Nah基因模板質粒進行普通PCR 特異性擴增,1.5%的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢驗\[1\],其能觀察到清晰條帶的AlkB和Nah基因最低模板質粒拷貝數分別為1.8×102和 3.59×102拷貝, 說明Real imeqPCR比普通PCR的靈敏性高100倍。

3.6對油田土壤中降解基因的測定

某油田AlkB和Nah定量結果(表2)顯示,土壤中AlkB降解基因含量平均值從高到低依次為采油區1.83×107拷貝/g,石油加工運輸區8.75×106拷貝/g,生活區8.68×106拷貝/g。采油區土壤石油污染最嚴重,AlkB含量也最高;烷烴濃度較低生活區土壤中AlkB含量最低。土壤中Nah降解基因含量分布相對均勻,采油區、石油加工運輸區和生活區中均具有很高的Nah降解基因含量,分別為.62×107、6.22×107和.52×107拷貝/g。總體上Nah降解基因含量比AlkB高約0.5~1個數量級。Ahn等\[15\]研究發現,Nah降解基因編碼的末端雙加氧酶是將芳香烴代謝為兒茶酚的主要酶系,對萘、菲、芘及BEX均具有降解作用,而AlkB降解基因編碼的末端單加氧酶降解對象大都為中短鏈的烷烴(C6~C15)\[16~21\]。

結論

利用的SYBR Green I熒光染料結合目的DNA的Real imeqPCR技術定量檢測烷烴降解基因AlkB及萘降解基因Nah,建立了一種油田污染土壤中降解基因檢測手段。對反應體系中引物和SYBR Green I熒光濃度及引物最佳退火溫度條件進行優化,本方法具有很高的靈敏度和重復性。同時,本方法對某油田不同功能區石油污染土壤降解基因的定量檢測揭示了油田土壤的污染程度及土壤微生物降解石油烴的潛能,對油田污染土壤的治理和監測具有重要意義。

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趙 麗, 崔保安, 陳紅英, 魏戰勇, 鄭蘭蘭, 呂曉麗, 賈艷艷, 趙緒永. 生物工程學報, 2008, 2(7): 119-115

15Ahn Y, Sanseverino J, Sayler G S. Biodegradation, 1999, 10(2): 19-157

16Stapleton R D, Sayler G S. Environ. Sci. echnol., 2000, 3(10): 1991-1999

17Giebler J, Wick L Y, Schloter M, arms , Chatzinotas A. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2013, 79(9): 3129-3132

18Wasmund K, Burns K A, Kurtboke D I, Bourne D G. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2009, 75(23): 7391-7398

19PérezdeMora A, Schulz S, Schloter M. Meth. Mol. Biol., 2010, 599: 59-68

20Paisse S, Duran R, Coulon , GoiUrriza M. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2011, 92(): 835-8

21Kloos K, Munch J C, Schloter M. J. Microbiol. Meth., 2006, 66(3): 86-96

AbstractSYBR Green I Real imeqPCR method was developed to quantify the numbers of copyies of AlkB (alkanes degradation gene) and Nah (naphthalene dioxygenase degradation gene) functional degradation gene corresponding to alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. wo pairs of primers AlkBf/AlkBr and Nahf/Nahr were designed for AlkB and Nah amplification respectively, according to the nucleotide sequences of related degradation microorganisms published in GenBank. he purified recovery products of traditional PCR were combined with pEASY1 vectors and transformed in competent cells to amplify. he recombinant plasmids were extracted and used as positive templates to create standard curve through gradient dilution. he conditions for the real time PCR were as the follows: the final concentration of forward and reverse primers were 0.2 μmol/L, 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix, and the annealing temperatures of AlkB and Nah PCR were 50 ℃ and 57 ℃, respectively. he method showed a sensitivity of 100 times higher than that of the traditional PCR method and good repeatability. he numbers of copies of AlkB in three functional regions of an oilfield indicated that oil producing zone with serious oil pollution had the highest AlkB copy numbers, and residential zone with lighter oil pollution had the lowest AlkB copy numbers. Nah degradation gene distribution was more uniform.

Keywordsydrocarbon degrading genes; luorescent; Polymerase chain reaction; SYBR Green I; Alkanes monoxygenase degradation ; Naphthalene dioxygenase degradation

9Nlvak , ruu M, ruu J. Sci. otal. Environ., 2012, 26: 351-358

10Bustin S A, Benes V, Garson J A, ellemans J, uggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan , Pfaffl M W, Shipley G L. Clin. Chem., 2009, 55(): 611-622

11Powell S M, erguson S , Bowman J P, Snape I. Microbial. Ecol., 2006, 52(3): 523-532

12Park J W, Crowley D E. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2006, 72(6): 1322-1329

13WEN LiBin, E KongWang, YANG anChun, GUO RongLi, ZONG JunMing, ZONG ShuLin. Acta Agric. BorealiSin., 2009, 2(): 31-35

溫立斌, 何孔旺, 楊漢春, 郭容利, 周俊明, 鐘書霖. 華北農學報, 2009, 2(): 31-35

1ZAO Li, CUI BaoAn, CEN ongYing, WEI ZhanYong, ZENG LanLan, L XiaoLi, JIA YanYan, ZAO XuYong. Chin. J. Biot., 2008, 2(7): 119-115

趙 麗, 崔保安, 陳紅英, 魏戰勇, 鄭蘭蘭, 呂曉麗, 賈艷艷, 趙緒永. 生物工程學報, 2008, 2(7): 119-115

15Ahn Y, Sanseverino J, Sayler G S. Biodegradation, 1999, 10(2): 19-157

16Stapleton R D, Sayler G S. Environ. Sci. echnol., 2000, 3(10): 1991-1999

17Giebler J, Wick L Y, Schloter M, arms , Chatzinotas A. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2013, 79(9): 3129-3132

18Wasmund K, Burns K A, Kurtboke D I, Bourne D G. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2009, 75(23): 7391-7398

19PérezdeMora A, Schulz S, Schloter M. Meth. Mol. Biol., 2010, 599: 59-68

20Paisse S, Duran R, Coulon , GoiUrriza M. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2011, 92(): 835-8

21Kloos K, Munch J C, Schloter M. J. Microbiol. Meth., 2006, 66(3): 86-96

AbstractSYBR Green I Real imeqPCR method was developed to quantify the numbers of copyies of AlkB (alkanes degradation gene) and Nah (naphthalene dioxygenase degradation gene) functional degradation gene corresponding to alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. wo pairs of primers AlkBf/AlkBr and Nahf/Nahr were designed for AlkB and Nah amplification respectively, according to the nucleotide sequences of related degradation microorganisms published in GenBank. he purified recovery products of traditional PCR were combined with pEASY1 vectors and transformed in competent cells to amplify. he recombinant plasmids were extracted and used as positive templates to create standard curve through gradient dilution. he conditions for the real time PCR were as the follows: the final concentration of forward and reverse primers were 0.2 μmol/L, 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix, and the annealing temperatures of AlkB and Nah PCR were 50 ℃ and 57 ℃, respectively. he method showed a sensitivity of 100 times higher than that of the traditional PCR method and good repeatability. he numbers of copies of AlkB in three functional regions of an oilfield indicated that oil producing zone with serious oil pollution had the highest AlkB copy numbers, and residential zone with lighter oil pollution had the lowest AlkB copy numbers. Nah degradation gene distribution was more uniform.

Keywordsydrocarbon degrading genes; luorescent; Polymerase chain reaction; SYBR Green I; Alkanes monoxygenase degradation ; Naphthalene dioxygenase degradation

9Nlvak , ruu M, ruu J. Sci. otal. Environ., 2012, 26: 351-358

10Bustin S A, Benes V, Garson J A, ellemans J, uggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan , Pfaffl M W, Shipley G L. Clin. Chem., 2009, 55(): 611-622

11Powell S M, erguson S , Bowman J P, Snape I. Microbial. Ecol., 2006, 52(3): 523-532

12Park J W, Crowley D E. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2006, 72(6): 1322-1329

13WEN LiBin, E KongWang, YANG anChun, GUO RongLi, ZONG JunMing, ZONG ShuLin. Acta Agric. BorealiSin., 2009, 2(): 31-35

溫立斌, 何孔旺, 楊漢春, 郭容利, 周俊明, 鐘書霖. 華北農學報, 2009, 2(): 31-35

1ZAO Li, CUI BaoAn, CEN ongYing, WEI ZhanYong, ZENG LanLan, L XiaoLi, JIA YanYan, ZAO XuYong. Chin. J. Biot., 2008, 2(7): 119-115

趙 麗, 崔保安, 陳紅英, 魏戰勇, 鄭蘭蘭, 呂曉麗, 賈艷艷, 趙緒永. 生物工程學報, 2008, 2(7): 119-115

15Ahn Y, Sanseverino J, Sayler G S. Biodegradation, 1999, 10(2): 19-157

16Stapleton R D, Sayler G S. Environ. Sci. echnol., 2000, 3(10): 1991-1999

17Giebler J, Wick L Y, Schloter M, arms , Chatzinotas A. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2013, 79(9): 3129-3132

18Wasmund K, Burns K A, Kurtboke D I, Bourne D G. Appl. Environ. Microb., 2009, 75(23): 7391-7398

19PérezdeMora A, Schulz S, Schloter M. Meth. Mol. Biol., 2010, 599: 59-68

20Paisse S, Duran R, Coulon , GoiUrriza M. Appl. Microbiol. Biot., 2011, 92(): 835-8

21Kloos K, Munch J C, Schloter M. J. Microbiol. Meth., 2006, 66(3): 86-96

AbstractSYBR Green I Real imeqPCR method was developed to quantify the numbers of copyies of AlkB (alkanes degradation gene) and Nah (naphthalene dioxygenase degradation gene) functional degradation gene corresponding to alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons degradation. wo pairs of primers AlkBf/AlkBr and Nahf/Nahr were designed for AlkB and Nah amplification respectively, according to the nucleotide sequences of related degradation microorganisms published in GenBank. he purified recovery products of traditional PCR were combined with pEASY1 vectors and transformed in competent cells to amplify. he recombinant plasmids were extracted and used as positive templates to create standard curve through gradient dilution. he conditions for the real time PCR were as the follows: the final concentration of forward and reverse primers were 0.2 μmol/L, 2×ransStart op Green qPCR SuperMix, and the annealing temperatures of AlkB and Nah PCR were 50 ℃ and 57 ℃, respectively. he method showed a sensitivity of 100 times higher than that of the traditional PCR method and good repeatability. he numbers of copies of AlkB in three functional regions of an oilfield indicated that oil producing zone with serious oil pollution had the highest AlkB copy numbers, and residential zone with lighter oil pollution had the lowest AlkB copy numbers. Nah degradation gene distribution was more uniform.

Keywordsydrocarbon degrading genes; luorescent; Polymerase chain reaction; SYBR Green I; Alkanes monoxygenase degradation ; Naphthalene dioxygenase degradation

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