重構小學英語課堂教學文本的方法與原則

韓玲

Corbel 指出，教學文本的構建分四步：（1）找到學生的興趣點和需要，并用廣義的主題詞表達出來；（2）找出與此主題詞有關的一系列交際情境；（3）找出與此情境適合的故事等材料；（4）從故事等材料中選出需重點關注的語言素材。分析以上四步可見，教學文本的構建是從學生的興趣和需要出發，最后到達語言素材的掌握的。下面試以兩本教材中有關動物的兩個文本，闡述文本構建時第二、三步的重要性。

文本1：Sam and Candy visited Animal Land

Dear Jane，

Last week Sam and I visited Animal Land. It was great. First， we rode through Lion Land on a train. After that， we drove to Hippo Pool in little cars. Then， we had lunch in the Spring Restaurant. After lunch， we stood near Monkey Mountain. We had some food. The monkeys came to us. After that， we saw the zebras in Zebra Zoo. They really are black and white！ Then we went to the gift shop and bought this postcard！

Love，

Candy and Sam

文本2： I Can Trick a Tiger

Floppy was dreaming that he was in the jungle.

A tiger jumped out. “Got you！” he said.

“I can trick a tiger，” said Floppy.

“Look out！”said Floppy. “There's a bee on your nose.”

“Oh no！” said the tiger， and he let Floppy go.

A crocodile jumped out. “Got you！” she said.

“I can trick a crocodile，” said Floppy.

“Look out！” said Floppy. “There's a bee on your nose.”

“Oh no！” said the crocodile， and she let Floppy go.

A snake slid out. “Got you！” she said.

“I can trick a snake，” said Floppy.

“Look out！” said Floppy.“ There's a bee on your nose.”

“Oh no！” said the snake， and she let Floppy go.

A rabbit jumped out.

“Got you！” said Floppy.

“Look out！” said the rabbit. “There's a bee on your nose.”

Buzzzzzzzzz！

“Oh no！” said Floppy.

兩個文本都選用了小學生感興趣的主題——動物，但文本1說的是去動物園，文本2說的是去叢林，叢林自然比動物園更具神秘性、刺激性，從而更吸引人，所以在交際情景上文本2就具有先天的優勢。從故事的情節來看，文本2展現的情節跌宕起伏又有一個出人意料的結尾，文本的用詞也生動形象。而文本1基本上是參觀動物園的流水賬，沒有細寫每個場景，只是用幾個動詞詞組對游覽動物園進行了概述， 編者的意圖很明顯，是為了學習前一課中羅列的這幾個動詞詞組，是從語言到興趣的構建過程，可實際上造成了興趣點的缺失。文本2的編者似乎更偏重于故事的有趣性和機智性，當然他也考慮到了文本讀者的英語水平，因為其中很多語言素材都是反復出現的。可見，文本的有趣性和學生有限的英語水平是可以兼顧的。

學完文本2后，我與五年級學生共同構建了新的文本。

文本3：In the Jungle

Tippi was in the jungle.

A tiger jumped out. “Got you ！” he said.

Tippi was not frightened.

She told the tiger， “We are friends.”

“Yes！” said the tiger， and he let Tippi play with him.

A crocodile jumped out.“Got you ！”she said.

Tippi was not frightened.

She told the crocodile， “ We are friends.”

“Yes！” said the crocodile， and she let Tippi climb on her.

A snake slid out. “Got you ！”she said.

Tippi was not frightened.

She told the snake， “ We are friends.”

“Yes！” said the snake， and she let Tippi play with her.

Tippi was happy in the jungle.

文本3中的Tippi出生在非洲大草原，她的父親是法國動物攝影師，她從小與非洲各種動物朝夕相處，她和動物親密接觸的圖片深深吸引并打動了孩子們，利用文本2的語言素材，我們順利地完成了文本3的構建。

責任編輯 魏文琦endprint